Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Compare · Countries

Afghanistan vs Peru

On research quality in 2022-now, Peru ranks #53 in the world and Afghanistan #106, of 189 countries. Afghanistan stands higher in 0 of the 21 fields both publish in, Peru in 21.

Research profiles alike: 0.88very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

Compare other countries
vs

Afghanistan

World rank, 2022-now
#106
#135 all time
Works, 2022-now
4.5k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
86%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Transportation, Political Science and International Relations, Chemical Health and Safety.

Peru

World rank, 2022-now
#53
#44 all time
Works, 2022-now
54k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.2%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
78%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Horticulture, Computer Science Applications, General Social Sciences.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Afghanistan leads on 6 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Peru leads on 2 of 9 measures: research quality and output. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Afghanistan 61 level2 Peru
  1. #106Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#53
  2. 0.80×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.65×
  3. 4.5kOutputfractional works, 2022-now54k
  4. 9.0%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.2%
  5. 4.7Citations per workall time, per fractional work4.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 86%Open accessof its works free to read, all time78%
  8. 34%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time19%
  9. +155%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+35%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Afghanistan stands higher in 0 of 21 fields, Peru in 21. Peru leads most in Medicine (#46 against #115). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Afghanistan 021 Peru
  1. #95Agricultural and Biological Sciences#41
  2. -Arts and Humanities#46
  3. -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#66
  4. -Business, Management and Accounting#39
  5. #94Computer Science#59
  6. -Decision Sciences#44
  7. -Dentistry#40
  8. -Earth and Planetary Sciences#50
  9. -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#38
  10. -Energy#62
  11. #99Engineering#65
  12. -Environmental Science#61
  13. -Health Professions#37
  14. -Immunology and Microbiology#46
  15. -Materials Science#78
  16. -Mathematics#70
  17. #115Medicine#46
  18. -Neuroscience#55
  19. -Nursing#45
  20. -Psychology#40
  21. #89Social Sciences#40

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Afghanistan rankPeru rank Afghanistan top 10%Peru top 10% Afghanistan worksPeru works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #95 #41 8.9% 6.7% 317 3.8k
Arts and Humanities - #46 - 8.0% - 2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - #66 - 4.3% - 1k
Business, Management and Accounting - #39 - 9.3% - 3.4k
Computer Science #94 #59 13.5% 7.0% 260 4.5k
Decision Sciences - #44 - 8.4% - 441
Dentistry - #40 - 3.1% - 553
Earth and Planetary Sciences - #50 - 4.2% - 532
Economics, Econometrics and Finance - #38 - 9.0% - 3k
Energy - #62 - 5.4% - 413
Engineering #99 #65 9.0% 3.8% 416 3k
Environmental Science - #61 - 6.1% - 3.7k
Health Professions - #37 - 7.5% - 2.9k
Immunology and Microbiology - #46 - 5.5% - 342
Materials Science - #78 - 4.1% - 324
Mathematics - #70 - 6.2% - 264
Medicine #115 #46 6.5% 4.9% 690 6.6k
Neuroscience - #55 - 4.2% - 291
Nursing - #45 - 4.2% - 247
Psychology - #40 - 7.4% - 2.7k
Social Sciences #89 #40 10.4% 9.5% 1.3k 14k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Afghanistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Security309▲ 8.7×24 topics
  2. Epidemiology296▲ 1.39×126 topics
  3. Conflict293▲ 34×9 topics
  4. Central Asia260▲ 69×4 topics
  5. Nation-Building252▲ 89×3 topics
  6. Reconstruction252▲ 28×6 topics
  7. State-Building251▲ 133×2 topics
  8. Afghanistan249▲ 196×1 topic
  9. Pakistan249▲ 196×1 topic
  10. Globalization244▲ 2.3×91 topics
  11. Ethnicity210▲ 11×14 topics
  12. Culture207▲ 7.4×16 topics
  13. History204▲ 5.5×20 topics
  14. Climate Change202▲ 1.39×97 topics
  15. Literature201▲ 6.9×23 topics
  16. Philosophy198▲ 8.4×13 topics
  17. Islam191▲ 17×5 topics
  18. Social Influence190▲ 17×3 topics
  19. Science189▲ 14×3 topics
  20. Malay Language188▲ 25×1 topic
  21. Sharia Law188▲ 25×1 topic
  22. Sustainable Development178▲ 2.1×76 topics
  23. Economic Security164▲ 14×7 topics
  24. Legal Regulation162▲ 14×7 topics
  25. Strategic Planning158▲ 20×3 topics
  26. Design158▲ 18×4 topics
  27. Modernization157▲ 16×4 topics
  28. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles157▲ 16×4 topics
  29. International Trade Law156▲ 22×2 topics
  30. Foresight156▲ 22×2 topics
  31. Air Force155▲ 25×1 topic
  32. Warfare155▲ 25×1 topic
  33. Public Oversight155▲ 24×1 topic
  34. Transport Policy155▲ 24×1 topic
  35. Human Rights133▲ 2.4×55 topics
  36. Teacher Training107▲ 3.3×16 topics
  37. Islamic Education87▲ 4.9×4 topics
  38. Religious Education68▲ 7.9×3 topics
  39. Madrasa66▲ 18×1 topic
  40. Muslim Students66▲ 18×1 topic

Peru

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Education6,030▲ 5.7×138 topics
  2. Sustainability3,629▲ 2.4×118 topics
  3. Innovation3,591▲ 5.7×82 topics
  4. Globalization3,303▲ 2.7×158 topics
  5. Small and Medium Enterprises3,036▲ 28×9 topics
  6. Digital Marketing3,015▲ 13×6 topics
  7. COVID-192,806▲ 3.5×31 topics
  8. Social Responsibility2,602▲ 18×12 topics
  9. Public Health2,593▲ 2.9×74 topics
  10. E-Learning2,578▲ 4.4×25 topics
  11. Innovation Ecosystems2,516▲ 40×4 topics
  12. Knowledge Management2,451▲ 7.2×40 topics
  13. Urban Development2,447▲ 11×19 topics
  14. Competitiveness2,442▲ 50×8 topics
  15. Economic Impact2,432▲ 7.4×12 topics
  16. Globalization Effects2,335▲ 55×3 topics
  17. Tourism Management2,309▲ 54×2 topics
  18. City Branding2,308▲ 61×1 topic
  19. Psychopharmacology Education2,308▲ 61×1 topic
  20. Sustainable Development2,265▲ 2.4×101 topics
  21. Pedagogy2,264▲ 7.4×29 topics
  22. Educational Technology2,072▲ 2.9×44 topics
  23. Teacher Training2,045▲ 5.4×29 topics
  24. Human Rights1,986▲ 3.2×84 topics
  25. Distance Learning1,945▲ 9.1×13 topics
  26. Latin America1,902▲ 16×23 topics
  27. Health Promotion1,893▲ 9.8×17 topics
  28. Organizational Culture1,860▲ 7.9×17 topics
  29. Digital Divide1,632▲ 10×8 topics
  30. Online Education1,589▲ 13×7 topics
  31. ICT1,544▲ 19×5 topics
  32. Digital Competence1,543▲ 29×4 topics
  33. Public Policy1,528▲ 5.3×27 topics
  34. Virtual Teaching1,522▲ 46×1 topic
  35. Nutrition1,492▲ 5.5×19 topics
  36. Student Performance1,275▲ 20×4 topics
  37. Organizational Commitment1,268▲ 11×5 topics
  38. Curriculum Design1,262▲ 30×3 topics
  39. Teacher Development1,258▲ 33×2 topics
  40. Educational Leadership1,253▲ 16×4 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Peru has out-published Afghanistan every year since 1980.

still counting5k10k15kPeru14k in 2025Afghanistan1,716 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Peru0.24% in 2025Afghanistan0.029% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Afghanistan8.5% in 2025Peru8.1% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Afghanistan 05 level0 Peru
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Afghanistan or Peru?

Peru publishes 12.2× as much research as Afghanistan in 2022-now (54k against 4.5k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Afghanistan or Peru?

9.0% of Afghanistan's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.2% for Peru.

Is Afghanistan or Peru growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +155% against 2018-21 for Afghanistan, and +35% for Peru.

Which has more open access research, Afghanistan or Peru?

86% of Afghanistan's research is free to read, against 78% of Peru's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Afghanistan or Peru?

Afghanistan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Peru 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Afghanistan

  1. 1Kabul University8.3% top 10% · 1.2k works
  2. 2Kandahar University12.7% top 10% · 207 works
  3. 3Herat University10.0% top 10% · 340 works
  4. 4Kabul Education University7.5% top 10% · 249 works
  5. 5Nangarhar University8.9% top 10% · 332 works
  6. 6Kardan University13.9% top 10% · 145 works

Peru

  1. 1Universidad César Vallejo12.0% top 10% · 5.7k works
  2. 2Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú8.2% top 10% · 3.1k works
  3. 3Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia6.2% top 10% · 1.4k works
  4. 4National University of San Marcos5.7% top 10% · 5.2k works
  5. 5Universidad de Lima6.1% top 10% · 1.4k works
  6. 6Universidad Nacional de San Martín8.2% top 10% · 984 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Afghanistan

  1. 1 Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai #146,569 worldwide 9.4k citations · 116 works
  2. 2 Ahmad Shah Irshad #157,819 worldwide 648 citations · 45 works
  3. 3 Sajid Ullah #165,934 worldwide 561 citations · 24 works
  4. 4 Sayeed Naqibullah Orfan #191,532 worldwide 523 citations · 37 works
  5. 5 Abdul Qawi Noori #209,787 worldwide 484 citations · 30 works

Peru

  1. 1 Abel Monteagudo Mendoza #9,966 worldwide 6.2k citations · 101 works
  2. 2 Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado #10,182 worldwide 16k citations · 197 works
  3. 3 Rodolfo Vásquez #14,133 worldwide 16k citations · 148 works
  4. 4 Percy Núñez Vargas #30,849 worldwide 8.3k citations · 55 works
  5. 5 Norma Salinas #37,475 worldwide 9.9k citations · 177 works