Botswana vs Kazakhstan
On research quality in 2022-now, Kazakhstan ranks #91 in the world and Botswana #92, of 189 countries. Botswana stands higher in 4 of the 21 fields both publish in, Kazakhstan in 17.
Research profiles alike: 0.61similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured
Compare other countries
Botswana
- World rank, 2022-now
- #92
- #91 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 3k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 8.5%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 47%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Archeology, Forestry, Statistics and Probability.
Kazakhstan
- World rank, 2022-now
- #91
- #85 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 40k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 7.7%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 68%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Fuel Technology, General Energy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering.
Who leads, measure by measure?
Botswana leads on 4 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. Kazakhstan leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, open access and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.
- #92Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#91
- 0.90×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
- 3kOutputfractional works, 2022-now40k
- 8.5%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.7%
- 12.4Citations per workall time, per fractional work5.0
- 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
- 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time68%
- 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time30%
- +16%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+81%
A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.
Who leads in each field?
Botswana stands higher in 4 of 21 fields, Kazakhstan in 17. Kazakhstan leads most in Social Sciences (#74 against #114); Botswana leads most in Medicine (#86 against #132). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.
- #80Agricultural and Biological Sciences#96
- -Arts and Humanities#73
- -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#79
- -Business, Management and Accounting#91
- -Chemistry#67
- #101Computer Science#88
- -Decision Sciences#71
- -Earth and Planetary Sciences#67
- -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#89
- -Energy#66
- #75Engineering#77
- #69Environmental Science#91
- -Health Professions#93
- -Immunology and Microbiology#64
- -Materials Science#59
- -Mathematics#61
- #86Medicine#132
- -Neuroscience#58
- -Physics and Astronomy#59
- -Psychology#82
- #114Social Sciences#74
Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.
The numbers behind each field
Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.
| Field | Botswana rank | Kazakhstan rank | Botswana top 10% | Kazakhstan top 10% | Botswana works | Kazakhstan works |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | #80 | #96 | 10.7% | 8.7% | 308 | 2.8k |
| Arts and Humanities | - | #73 | - | 10.0% | - | 1.5k |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | - | #79 | - | 6.5% | - | 1.1k |
| Business, Management and Accounting | - | #91 | - | 8.2% | - | 1.4k |
| Chemistry | - | #67 | - | 4.2% | - | 500 |
| Computer Science | #101 | #88 | 7.0% | 8.6% | 208 | 3.3k |
| Decision Sciences | - | #71 | - | 7.4% | - | 316 |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | - | #67 | - | 6.3% | - | 608 |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | - | #89 | - | 7.7% | - | 1.5k |
| Energy | - | #66 | - | 6.0% | - | 522 |
| Engineering | #75 | #77 | 10.7% | 6.6% | 360 | 7.1k |
| Environmental Science | #69 | #91 | 8.7% | 6.8% | 284 | 1.8k |
| Health Professions | - | #93 | - | 8.2% | - | 708 |
| Immunology and Microbiology | - | #64 | - | 6.8% | - | 232 |
| Materials Science | - | #59 | - | 6.1% | - | 1.4k |
| Mathematics | - | #61 | - | 6.5% | - | 806 |
| Medicine | #86 | #132 | 9.0% | 6.2% | 335 | 4.1k |
| Neuroscience | - | #58 | - | 7.0% | - | 239 |
| Physics and Astronomy | - | #59 | - | 6.2% | - | 736 |
| Psychology | - | #82 | - | 7.3% | - | 1.1k |
| Social Sciences | #114 | #74 | 7.4% | 9.6% | 471 | 8.1k |
What is each known for?
The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.
Botswana
- HIV Transmission
- Child Mortality
- Livelihoods
- Generalized Exponential
- Land Reform
- Nutritional Value
- Health Inequalities
- Community Health Workers
- Land Use Change
- Smallholder Farmers
- Adaptation
- Higher Education
- Risk Management
- Development
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- Economic Growth
- Renewable Energy
- Environmental Impact
- Epidemiology
- Sustainability
- Climate Change
- Machine Learning
- Globalization
- Deep Learning
- Remote Sensing
- Colonialism
- Social Justice
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Genetic Diversity
- Political Economy
- Poverty Reduction
- Maternal Mortality
- Bayesian Inference
- Mortality Rates
- Gender Inequality
- Weibull Distribution
- Skew Distributions
- Phytochemicals
- Health Systems
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Climate Change192▲ 2.1×87 topics
- Sustainability159▲ 1.89×75 topics
- Machine Learning144▲ 1.26×77 topics
- Epidemiology104▼ 0.76×111 topics
- Globalization95▲ 1.40×72 topics
- Environmental Impact91▲ 1.55×52 topics
- Deep Learning89▼ 0.76×67 topics
- Renewable Energy73▲ 1.46×40 topics
- Remote Sensing70▲ 1.67×31 topics
- Economic Growth66▲ 2.4×27 topics
- Colonialism66▲ 4.0×14 topics
- Antiretroviral Therapy48▲ 8.6×6 topics
- Social Justice47▲ 2.3×26 topics
- Development46▲ 3.8×19 topics
- Biodiversity Conservation46▲ 3.6×13 topics
- Risk Management46▲ 2.8×13 topics
- Sustainable Agriculture44▲ 4.1×12 topics
- Higher Education42▲ 2.3×17 topics
- Genetic Diversity41▲ 2.7×20 topics
- Adaptation40▲ 4.0×11 topics
- Political Economy40▲ 4.5×11 topics
- Smallholder Farmers37▲ 5.1×5 topics
- Poverty Reduction36▲ 8.1×5 topics
- Land Use Change35▲ 3.4×7 topics
- Maternal Mortality31▲ 4.1×5 topics
- Community Health Workers31▲ 10×2 topics
- Bayesian Inference30▲ 8.9×4 topics
- Health Inequalities28▲ 6.8×3 topics
- Mortality Rates28▲ 8.5×2 topics
- Nutritional Value27▲ 7.0×4 topics
- Gender Inequality27▲ 5.7×6 topics
- Land Reform27▲ 17×2 topics
- Weibull Distribution26▲ 17×2 topics
- Generalized Exponential25▲ 44×1 topic
- Skew Distributions25▲ 44×1 topic
- Livelihoods25▲ 21×2 topics
- Phytochemicals25▲ 6.7×7 topics
- Child Mortality25▲ 10×1 topic
- Health Systems25▲ 10×1 topic
- HIV Transmission23▲ 8.7×2 topics
Kazakhstan
- Central Asia
- Air Force
- Malay Language
- Modernization
- Public Oversight
- Foresight
- Geopolitics
- Migration
- Regional Development
- Digital Economy
- Teacher Training
- Economic Security
- Food Security
- Pedagogy
- Digital Transformation
- Energy Efficiency
- Artificial Intelligence
- Sustainability
- Innovation
- Climate Change
- Sustainable Development
- Globalization
- Education
- Educational Technology
- Renewable Energy
- E-Learning
- Online Learning
- Legal Regulation
- Economic Development
- Digitalization
- Ethnicity
- Higher Education
- Culture
- Islam
- Strategic Planning
- International Trade Law
- Transport Policy
- Sharia Law
- Design
- Warfare
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Sustainable Development2,930▲ 4.0×107 topics
- Climate Change2,302▲ 1.83×125 topics
- Globalization2,060▲ 2.3×155 topics
- Innovation2,045▲ 4.3×77 topics
- Education1,859▲ 2.3×127 topics
- Sustainability1,598▲ 1.41×127 topics
- Educational Technology1,528▲ 2.8×47 topics
- Artificial Intelligence1,416▲ 2.1×65 topics
- Renewable Energy1,317▲ 1.96×59 topics
- Energy Efficiency1,275▲ 3.0×45 topics
- E-Learning1,254▲ 2.8×25 topics
- Digital Transformation1,221▲ 4.9×30 topics
- Online Learning1,056▲ 2.7×26 topics
- Pedagogy1,044▲ 4.5×27 topics
- Legal Regulation1,032▲ 9.9×8 topics
- Food Security1,014▲ 4.0×24 topics
- Economic Development995▲ 2.7×50 topics
- Economic Security965▲ 9.8×7 topics
- Digitalization959▲ 10×14 topics
- Teacher Training911▲ 3.2×26 topics
- Ethnicity894▲ 5.2×22 topics
- Digital Economy894▲ 9.6×19 topics
- Higher Education879▲ 3.6×30 topics
- Regional Development854▲ 5.4×21 topics
- Culture849▲ 3.5×33 topics
- Migration766▲ 4.8×30 topics
- Islam635▲ 6.6×5 topics
- Geopolitics627▲ 8.9×11 topics
- Strategic Planning618▲ 9.1×5 topics
- Foresight613▲ 10×2 topics
- International Trade Law612▲ 10×2 topics
- Public Oversight607▲ 11×1 topic
- Transport Policy607▲ 11×1 topic
- Modernization604▲ 7.1×5 topics
- Sharia Law592▲ 8.9×2 topics
- Malay Language592▲ 9.1×1 topic
- Design584▲ 7.7×6 topics
- Air Force572▲ 10×1 topic
- Warfare572▲ 10×1 topic
- Central Asia572▲ 17×4 topics
Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.
How has their output grown?
Kazakhstan has out-published Botswana every year since 1980.
Fractional works per year.
Their share of all research
Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.
Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.
How much of it reaches the world top 10%
The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).
A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.
Who holds more of the world's best institutions?
A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.
- 0In the world top 500
- 0In the top 1000
- 0In the top 5000
- 0In the top 1,0000
- #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51
Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.
Which publishes more research, Botswana or Kazakhstan?
Kazakhstan publishes 13.5× as much research as Botswana in 2022-now (40k against 3k fractional works).
Whose research has more impact, Botswana or Kazakhstan?
8.5% of Botswana's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.7% for Kazakhstan.
Is Botswana or Kazakhstan growing faster?
Output in 2022-25 was +81% against 2018-21 for Kazakhstan, and +16% for Botswana.
Which has more open access research, Botswana or Kazakhstan?
68% of Kazakhstan's research is free to read, against 47% of Botswana's.
Which has more world-class institutions, Botswana or Kazakhstan?
Botswana holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Kazakhstan 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.
Which institutions lead in each country?
The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.
Botswana
- 1University of Botswana7.6% top 10% · 1.4k works
- 2Botswana International University of Science and Technology8.6% top 10% · 674 works
- 3Botswana Geoscience Institute8.8% top 10% · 116 works
- 4Botho University8.5% top 10% · 148 works
- 5Ministry of Agriculture14.6% top 10% · 169 works
- 6Botswana Open University3.9% top 10% · 76 works
Kazakhstan
- 1Nazarbayev University14.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
- 2Suleyman Demirel University5.8% top 10% · 2.9k works
- 3L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University7.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
- 4Astana Medical University7.4% top 10% · 1.8k works
- 5Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University8.9% top 10% · 1.2k works
- 6Ahmet Yesevi University7.6% top 10% · 795 works
The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.
Who are the top researchers on each side?
The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.
Botswana
- 1 Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera #31,057 worldwide 54k citations · 105 works
- 2 John Weldon McNutt #207,426 worldwide 5.3k citations · 119 works
- 3 Joseph M. Makhema #280,791 worldwide 14k citations · 95 works
- 4 Peter Vuylsteke #396,259 worldwide 7.7k citations · 317 works
- 5 Sununguko Wata Mpoloka #453,404 worldwide 2.7k citations · 62 works
Kazakhstan
- 1 Kairat Davletov #4,259 worldwide 125k citations · 151 works
- 2 Mukhtar Kulimbet #8,033 worldwide 26k citations · 91 works
- 3 Shazim Ali Memon #24,150 worldwide 9.8k citations · 153 works
- 4 Anas Hajar #24,262 worldwide 1.1k citations · 125 works
- 5 Mayowa Tosin Babalola #43,099 worldwide 3.7k citations · 74 works