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Estonia vs Romania

On research quality in 2022-now, Romania ranks #41 in the world and Estonia #44, of 189 countries. Estonia stands higher in 11 of the 25 fields both publish in, Romania in 14.

Research profiles alike: -0.19different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Estonia

World rank, 2022-now
#44
#52 all time
Works, 2022-now
11k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Paleontology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Oceanography.

Romania

World rank, 2022-now
#41
#61 all time
Works, 2022-now
85k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.1%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
58%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Energy, Orthodontics, Music.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Romania leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, open access and growth. Estonia leads on 3 of 9 measures: top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Estonia 31 level5 Romania
  1. #44Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#41
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.10×
  3. 11kOutputfractional works, 2022-now85k
  4. 10.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.1%
  5. 15.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work7.8
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time58%
  8. 31%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time17%
  9. +7%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+9%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Estonia stands higher in 11 of 25 fields, Romania in 14. Romania leads most in Earth and Planetary Sciences (#39 against #45); Estonia leads most in Psychology (#37 against #51). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Estonia 1114 Romania
  1. #42Agricultural and Biological Sciences#53
  2. #36Arts and Humanities#49
  3. #35Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#48
  4. #54Business, Management and Accounting#55
  5. -Chemical Engineering#37
  6. -Chemistry#51
  7. #41Computer Science#55
  8. -Decision Sciences#48
  9. -Dentistry#33
  10. #45Earth and Planetary Sciences#39
  11. #51Economics, Econometrics and Finance#55
  12. -Energy#51
  13. #47Engineering#53
  14. #51Environmental Science#43
  15. #52Health Professions#53
  16. -Immunology and Microbiology#44
  17. #52Materials Science#47
  18. -Mathematics#41
  19. #41Medicine#55
  20. -Neuroscience#46
  21. -Nursing#46
  22. -Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#34
  23. #47Physics and Astronomy#42
  24. #37Psychology#51
  25. #46Social Sciences#61

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Estonia rankRomania rank Estonia top 10%Romania top 10% Estonia worksRomania works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #42 #53 12.5% 11.6% 664 3.8k
Arts and Humanities #36 #49 12.8% 6.7% 697 4k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #35 #48 10.6% 12.2% 542 3k
Business, Management and Accounting #54 #55 13.1% 7.6% 382 3.7k
Chemical Engineering - #37 - 5.1% - 263
Chemistry - #51 - 8.7% - 1k
Computer Science #41 #55 10.5% 7.2% 1k 6.1k
Decision Sciences - #48 - 9.3% - 1k
Dentistry - #33 - 14.8% - 1k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #45 #39 8.4% 8.3% 278 1.2k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #51 #55 12.2% 8.7% 226 3k
Energy - #51 - 6.5% - 862
Engineering #47 #53 9.5% 5.8% 1.6k 13k
Environmental Science #51 #43 10.1% 8.9% 751 4.1k
Health Professions #52 #53 9.0% 11.9% 272 1.7k
Immunology and Microbiology - #44 - 13.1% - 608
Materials Science #52 #47 4.9% 7.0% 281 2.7k
Mathematics - #41 - 10.7% - 1.7k
Medicine #41 #55 10.4% 13.6% 1.1k 16k
Neuroscience - #46 - 11.2% - 961
Nursing - #46 - 16.8% - 398
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - #34 - 16.6% - 276
Physics and Astronomy #47 #42 11.9% 6.4% 307 1.4k
Psychology #37 #51 8.5% 9.0% 564 2.7k
Social Sciences #46 #61 13.4% 6.9% 1.9k 10k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Estonia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change634▲ 1.77×116 topics
  2. Machine Learning470◆ 1.07×89 topics
  3. Sustainability396▲ 1.23×118 topics
  4. Globalization383▲ 1.48×145 topics
  5. Deep Learning323▼ 0.71×81 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence237▲ 1.26×59 topics
  7. Environmental Impact236◆ 1.05×68 topics
  8. Renewable Energy227▲ 1.19×53 topics
  9. Big Data222▲ 1.76×31 topics
  10. Social Media219▲ 1.20×36 topics
  11. Education216◆ 0.96×120 topics
  12. Biodiversity210▲ 2.1×35 topics
  13. Public Health193◆ 1.00×63 topics
  14. Identity188▲ 1.97×67 topics
  15. Ethics174▲ 2.6×53 topics
  16. Invasive Species168▲ 3.0×21 topics
  17. Internet of Things149▲ 1.32×24 topics
  18. Security146▲ 1.65×27 topics
  19. Power Electronics145▲ 3.4×8 topics
  20. Ecosystem Functioning138▲ 5.1×7 topics
  21. Renewable Energy Integration135▲ 3.1×6 topics
  22. Religion129▲ 2.1×41 topics
  23. Conservation128▲ 2.3×24 topics
  24. European Union124▲ 4.2×26 topics
  25. International Relations123▲ 3.9×26 topics
  26. Governance114▲ 2.6×19 topics
  27. Migration113▲ 2.5×28 topics
  28. Global Change104▲ 3.0×7 topics
  29. Corpus Linguistics98▲ 3.5×5 topics
  30. Trust97▲ 2.7×11 topics
  31. Model Predictive Control96▲ 2.9×6 topics
  32. Habitat Fragmentation90▲ 3.1×5 topics
  33. European Integration87▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Ecosystem Resilience79▲ 3.9×5 topics
  35. Soviet Union77▲ 11×3 topics
  36. Accountability76▲ 4.6×4 topics
  37. Folklore74▲ 11×3 topics
  38. Literary Analysis73▲ 28×2 topics
  39. Diplomacy70▲ 5.7×8 topics
  40. Eastern Europe62▲ 9.0×3 topics

Romania

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology3,763◆ 1.00×140 topics
  2. Sustainability3,280▲ 1.41×137 topics
  3. Machine Learning2,912◆ 0.92×97 topics
  4. Climate Change2,713◆ 1.05×129 topics
  5. Deep Learning2,665▼ 0.81×85 topics
  6. Globalization2,600▲ 1.39×176 topics
  7. Renewable Energy2,190▲ 1.60×60 topics
  8. Inflammation2,092◆ 1.04×83 topics
  9. Sustainable Development2,054▲ 1.38×109 topics
  10. Environmental Impact1,995▲ 1.23×73 topics
  11. Artificial Intelligence1,769▲ 1.31×67 topics
  12. Education1,636◆ 1.00×155 topics
  13. Oxidative Stress1,524◆ 0.98×63 topics
  14. Economic Growth1,476▲ 1.91×36 topics
  15. Innovation1,410▲ 1.44×88 topics
  16. Quality of Life1,338◆ 0.98×61 topics
  17. Neural Networks1,301◆ 0.89×42 topics
  18. Biomedical Applications1,283◆ 1.14×36 topics
  19. Energy Efficiency1,242▲ 1.42×45 topics
  20. Human Rights1,237▲ 1.27×90 topics
  21. COVID-191,236◆ 1.00×34 topics
  22. Social Media1,232◆ 0.94×41 topics
  23. Identity1,231▲ 1.79×78 topics
  24. Cardiovascular Disease1,225◆ 1.13×39 topics
  25. Treatment1,201◆ 1.04×52 topics
  26. Supply Chain Management1,200▲ 1.41×27 topics
  27. Mental Health1,199◆ 0.88×48 topics
  28. Big Data1,164▲ 1.28×37 topics
  29. Internet of Things1,149▲ 1.41×33 topics
  30. Mechanical Properties1,136▲ 1.22×39 topics
  31. Risk Factors1,082◆ 1.04×37 topics
  32. Environmental Management962▲ 2.5×23 topics
  33. Literature910▲ 1.75×62 topics
  34. Security909▲ 1.43×31 topics
  35. Ethics892▲ 1.86×60 topics
  36. Tissue Engineering846▲ 1.47×13 topics
  37. European Union631▲ 3.0×29 topics
  38. International Relations591▲ 2.6×29 topics
  39. Regional Disparities397▲ 8.9×2 topics
  40. Social Perception355▲ 8.9×4 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Romania has out-published Estonia every year since 1980.

still counting10k20k30kRomania23k in 2025Estonia3,047 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Romania0.38% in 2025Estonia0.052% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Romania11.2% in 2025Estonia10.7% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Estonia 23 level0 Romania
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0000
  5. #41Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Estonia or Romania?

Romania publishes 7.4× as much research as Estonia in 2022-now (85k against 11k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Estonia or Romania?

10.9% of Estonia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 9.1% for Romania.

Is Estonia or Romania growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +9% against 2018-21 for Romania, and +7% for Estonia.

Which has more open access research, Estonia or Romania?

58% of Romania's research is free to read, against 47% of Estonia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Estonia or Romania?

Estonia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Romania 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Estonia

  1. 1University of Tartu11.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  2. 2Tallinn University of Technology10.7% top 10% · 2.6k works
  3. 3Praxis6.3% top 10% · 986 works
  4. 4Tallinn University12.0% top 10% · 1.1k works
  5. 5Estonian University of Life Sciences11.5% top 10% · 562 works
  6. 6National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics16.0% top 10% · 170 works

Romania

  1. 1Ministry of Education19.4% top 10% · 712 works
  2. 2Bucharest University of Economic Studies8.5% top 10% · 3.5k works
  3. 3University of Oradea13.0% top 10% · 1.8k works
  4. 4West University of Timişoara9.2% top 10% · 1.9k works
  5. 5Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava8.1% top 10% · 1.7k works
  6. 6Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu11.1% top 10% · 1.8k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Estonia

  1. 1 Tõnu Esko #672 worldwide 156k citations · 825 works
  2. 2 Leho Tedersoo #1,145 worldwide 66k citations · 375 works
  3. 3 Lili A. Milani #1,515 worldwide 75k citations · 479 works
  4. 4 Reedik Mägi #1,607 worldwide 91k citations · 582 works
  5. 5 Andres Metspalu #2,577 worldwide 134k citations · 841 works

Romania

  1. 1 D. Felea #4,035 worldwide 23k citations · 200 works
  2. 2 Ovidiu Chioncel #4,732 worldwide 55k citations · 351 works
  3. 3 Robert Ancuceanu #6,028 worldwide 74k citations · 151 works
  4. 4 Ionuţ Negoi #7,120 worldwide 154k citations · 380 works
  5. 5 Bogdan Oancea #7,278 worldwide 85k citations · 215 works