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Italy vs Singapore

On research quality in 2022-now, Italy ranks #11 in the world and Singapore #13, of 189 countries. Italy stands higher in 19 of the 26 fields both publish in, Singapore in 7.

Research profiles alike: -0.20different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Italy

World rank, 2022-now
#11
#13 all time
Works, 2022-now
479k
fractional
Top-10% rate
12.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
43%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Industrial relations, General Arts and Humanities, Space and Planetary Science.

Singapore

World rank, 2022-now
#13
#11 all time
Works, 2022-now
70k
fractional
Top-10% rate
16.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
33%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Health Informatics, Hardware and Architecture, Acoustics and Ultrasonics.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Singapore leads on 5 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work, institutions in the world top 100 and international co-authorship. Italy leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, open access and growth.

Italy 45 Singapore
  1. #11Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#13
  2. 1.29×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.42×
  3. 479kOutputfractional works, 2022-now70k
  4. 12.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited16.7%
  5. 22.5Citations per workall time, per fractional work30.0
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1002
  7. 43%Open accessof its works free to read, all time33%
  8. 23%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time34%
  9. +10%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+7%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Italy stands higher in 19 of 26 fields, Singapore in 7. Italy leads most in Dentistry (#7 against #20); Singapore leads most in Chemical Engineering (#8 against #19). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Italy 197 Singapore
  1. #11Agricultural and Biological Sciences#20
  2. #12Arts and Humanities#29
  3. #16Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#14
  4. #9Business, Management and Accounting#17
  5. #19Chemical Engineering#8
  6. #16Chemistry#9
  7. #11Computer Science#9
  8. #13Decision Sciences#15
  9. #7Dentistry#20
  10. #11Earth and Planetary Sciences#21
  11. #11Economics, Econometrics and Finance#14
  12. #12Energy#5
  13. #12Engineering#6
  14. #12Environmental Science#15
  15. #12Health Professions#15
  16. #11Immunology and Microbiology#13
  17. #16Materials Science#5
  18. #6Mathematics#20
  19. #13Medicine#15
  20. #10Neuroscience#15
  21. #12Nursing#14
  22. #14Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #7Physics and Astronomy#17
  24. #13Psychology#15
  25. #14Social Sciences#16
  26. #12Veterinary-

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Italy rankSingapore rank Italy top 10%Singapore top 10% Italy worksSingapore works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #11 #20 15.7% 17.3% 17k 1.1k
Arts and Humanities #12 #29 10.2% 16.9% 19k 892
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #16 #14 11.8% 15.2% 29k 3.7k
Business, Management and Accounting #9 #17 16.7% 14.4% 12k 1.6k
Chemical Engineering #19 #8 8.6% 20.9% 1.5k 311
Chemistry #16 #9 9.8% 18.6% 5.7k 1.1k
Computer Science #11 #9 11.2% 18.4% 30k 9.1k
Decision Sciences #13 #15 12.7% 16.3% 3.8k 724
Dentistry #7 #20 21.7% 16.6% 2.6k 224
Earth and Planetary Sciences #11 #21 11.0% 20.0% 10k 594
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #11 #14 12.5% 12.8% 11k 1.3k
Energy #12 #5 10.0% 19.7% 2.9k 797
Engineering #12 #6 10.2% 19.3% 67k 14k
Environmental Science #12 #15 11.2% 17.1% 23k 2.3k
Health Professions #12 #15 15.6% 17.5% 8.1k 1.5k
Immunology and Microbiology #11 #13 12.9% 14.8% 5.3k 624
Materials Science #16 #5 8.6% 19.0% 11k 3k
Mathematics #6 #20 12.1% 12.2% 7.2k 592
Medicine #13 #15 15.4% 14.1% 129k 14k
Neuroscience #10 #15 12.5% 16.3% 11k 1.2k
Nursing #12 #14 15.2% 16.7% 2.1k 236
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #14 - 13.6% - 1.2k -
Physics and Astronomy #7 #17 10.5% 15.7% 18k 1.7k
Psychology #13 #15 14.7% 16.0% 14k 2.2k
Social Sciences #14 #16 11.9% 15.6% 37k 6.2k
Veterinary #12 - 15.3% - 912 -

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Italy

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology27k▲ 1.22×140 topics
  2. Climate Change16k◆ 1.11×132 topics
  3. Machine Learning15k▼ 0.82×97 topics
  4. Deep Learning15k▼ 0.77×85 topics
  5. Inflammation14k▲ 1.25×83 topics
  6. Sustainability13k◆ 1.00×140 topics
  7. Treatment9,894▲ 1.49×52 topics
  8. Oxidative Stress9,864◆ 1.10×63 topics
  9. Environmental Impact9,329◆ 1.00×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life9,189▲ 1.17×61 topics
  11. Globalization8,884▼ 0.83×186 topics
  12. Cultural Heritage8,644▲ 3.0×40 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease7,916▲ 1.27×39 topics
  14. Diagnosis7,824▲ 1.54×41 topics
  15. Cancer7,806◆ 1.07×59 topics
  16. Remote Sensing7,239◆ 1.09×42 topics
  17. Immunotherapy6,484▲ 1.65×19 topics
  18. Chemotherapy6,439▲ 1.67×25 topics
  19. Risk Factors6,280◆ 1.05×37 topics
  20. Neural Networks6,165▼ 0.73×42 topics
  21. Public Health6,139▼ 0.77×77 topics
  22. Innovation5,919◆ 1.05×90 topics
  23. Genetics5,915▲ 1.54×27 topics
  24. Management5,743▲ 1.32×40 topics
  25. Metabolic Syndrome5,706▲ 1.29×24 topics
  26. Identity5,391▲ 1.37×80 topics
  27. Clinical Trials5,280▲ 1.45×19 topics
  28. Biomarkers5,232▲ 1.38×18 topics
  29. Obesity5,218▲ 1.24×29 topics
  30. Neurological Disorders5,214▲ 1.68×20 topics
  31. Genetic Mutations4,983▲ 2.1×23 topics
  32. Clinical Practice Guidelines4,902▲ 1.64×14 topics
  33. Heart Failure4,469▲ 1.84×14 topics
  34. Prognostic Factors4,419▲ 1.87×14 topics
  35. Guidelines4,360▲ 1.70×13 topics
  36. Literature4,118▲ 1.38×64 topics
  37. Complications4,115▲ 1.52×17 topics
  38. Echocardiography3,514▲ 2.3×8 topics
  39. Urban Planning2,099▲ 4.5×15 topics
  40. Italy1,777▲ 13×2 topics

Singapore

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Deep Learning5,202▲ 1.91×85 topics
  2. Machine Learning3,492▲ 1.33×97 topics
  3. Epidemiology3,267◆ 1.04×137 topics
  4. Neural Networks2,630▲ 2.2×40 topics
  5. Inflammation1,732◆ 1.03×83 topics
  6. Sustainability1,359▼ 0.71×122 topics
  7. Globalization1,296▼ 0.84×141 topics
  8. Biomedical Applications1,179▲ 1.26×36 topics
  9. Nanoparticles1,138◆ 1.15×44 topics
  10. Quality of Life1,134◆ 1.00×58 topics
  11. Artificial Intelligence1,038◆ 0.92×65 topics
  12. Healthcare988◆ 1.10×40 topics
  13. Public Health972▼ 0.85×72 topics
  14. Convolutional Neural Networks965▲ 1.68×14 topics
  15. Nanomaterials954▲ 1.16×21 topics
  16. Treatment951◆ 0.99×52 topics
  17. Cardiovascular Disease949◆ 1.06×39 topics
  18. Mechanical Properties890◆ 1.15×39 topics
  19. Security859▲ 1.63×28 topics
  20. Energy Efficiency849▲ 1.17×46 topics
  21. Risk Factors845◆ 0.97×37 topics
  22. Big Data843◆ 1.12×35 topics
  23. Energy Storage803▲ 1.57×13 topics
  24. Catalysis791▲ 1.51×29 topics
  25. Nanocomposites746▲ 1.20×22 topics
  26. Graphene733▲ 1.38×12 topics
  27. Tissue Engineering674▲ 1.41×13 topics
  28. Biosensors673▲ 1.74×12 topics
  29. Aging661▲ 1.54×19 topics
  30. Medical Imaging624▲ 1.50×9 topics
  31. Precision Medicine603▲ 1.54×8 topics
  32. Cathode Materials596▲ 1.95×3 topics
  33. Additive Manufacturing565▲ 2.3×8 topics
  34. Representation Learning507▲ 4.1×3 topics
  35. Unsupervised Learning478▲ 4.0×3 topics
  36. Semi-Supervised Learning415▲ 4.3×3 topics
  37. Authoritarianism333▲ 4.8×5 topics
  38. Social Cohesion283▲ 6.0×6 topics
  39. State Intervention282▲ 11×3 topics
  40. Singapore254▲ 37×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Italy has out-published Singapore every year since 1980.

still counting50k100k150kItaly124k in 2025Singapore19k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting2.0%4.0%Italy2.1% in 2025Singapore0.32% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Singapore15.6% in 2025Italy12.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Italy 32 Singapore
  1. 0In the world top 502
  2. 0In the top 1002
  3. 14In the top 5003
  4. 38In the top 1,0006
  5. #9Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#15

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Italy or Singapore?

Italy publishes 6.9× as much research as Singapore in 2022-now (479k against 70k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Italy or Singapore?

16.7% of Singapore's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 12.8% for Italy.

Is Italy or Singapore growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +10% against 2018-21 for Italy, and +7% for Singapore.

Which has more open access research, Italy or Singapore?

43% of Italy's research is free to read, against 33% of Singapore's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Italy or Singapore?

Singapore holds 2 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Italy 0; in the top 1,000 it is 6 against 38.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Italy

  1. 1University of Padua13.0% top 10% · 17k works
  2. 2Sapienza University of Rome12.5% top 10% · 24k works
  3. 3University of Bologna12.5% top 10% · 17k works
  4. 4National Research Council12.6% top 10% · 19k works
  5. 5University of Naples Federico II14.3% top 10% · 15k works
  6. 6University of Turin12.9% top 10% · 11k works

Singapore

  1. 1National University of Singapore17.6% top 10% · 25k works
  2. 2Nanyang Technological University20.6% top 10% · 17k works
  3. 3Agency for Science, Technology and Research17.8% top 10% · 6.9k works
  4. 4Singapore University of Technology and Design18.2% top 10% · 1.9k works
  5. 5National University Health System18.2% top 10% · 1.3k works
  6. 6Singapore Management University16.9% top 10% · 2.2k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Italy

  1. 1 M. Razzano #143 worldwide 134k citations · 578 works
  2. 2 Stefano Carniani #211 worldwide 17k citations · 427 works
  3. 3 F. Pannarale #213 worldwide 85k citations · 265 works
  4. 4 M. Pesce-Rollins #346 worldwide 55k citations · 464 works
  5. 5 Nicola Segata #448 worldwide 122k citations · 539 works

Singapore

  1. 1 Xiong Wen Lou #2 worldwide 155k citations · 583 works
  2. 2 Chen Change Loy #50 worldwide 86k citations · 611 works
  3. 3 Florent Ginhoux #118 worldwide 98k citations · 704 works
  4. 4 Kanyi Pu #240 worldwide 52k citations · 393 works
  5. 5 Cheng‐Wei Qiu #607 worldwide 67k citations · 973 works

Other comparisons

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