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Italy vs Netherlands

On research quality in 2022-now, The Netherlands ranks #9 in the world and Italy #11, of 189 countries. Italy stands higher in 5 of the 26 fields both publish in, the Netherlands in 21.

Research profiles alike: 0.54similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Italy

World rank, 2022-now
#11
#13 all time
Works, 2022-now
479k
fractional
Top-10% rate
12.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
43%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Industrial relations, General Arts and Humanities, Space and Planetary Science.

Netherlands

World rank, 2022-now
#9
#9 all time
Works, 2022-now
191k
fractional
Top-10% rate
14.6%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
48%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Medical Terminology, General Decision Sciences, Structural Biology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

The Netherlands leads on 7 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work, institutions in the world top 100, open access and international co-authorship. Italy leads on 2 of 9 measures: output and growth.

Italy 27 Netherlands
  1. #11Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#9
  2. 1.29×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.42×
  3. 479kOutputfractional works, 2022-now191k
  4. 12.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited14.6%
  5. 22.5Citations per workall time, per fractional work34.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1004
  7. 43%Open accessof its works free to read, all time48%
  8. 23%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +10%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-2%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Italy stands higher in 5 of 26 fields, Netherlands in 21. The Netherlands leads most in Chemical Engineering (#11 against #19); Italy leads most in Mathematics (#6 against #15). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Italy 521 Netherlands
  1. #11Agricultural and Biological Sciences#9
  2. #12Arts and Humanities#8
  3. #16Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#9
  4. #9Business, Management and Accounting#5
  5. #19Chemical Engineering#11
  6. #16Chemistry#13
  7. #11Computer Science#13
  8. #13Decision Sciences#5
  9. #7Dentistry#10
  10. #11Earth and Planetary Sciences#8
  11. #11Economics, Econometrics and Finance#6
  12. #12Energy#17
  13. #12Engineering#11
  14. #12Environmental Science#10
  15. #12Health Professions#8
  16. #11Immunology and Microbiology#9
  17. #16Materials Science#13
  18. #6Mathematics#15
  19. #13Medicine#6
  20. #10Neuroscience#8
  21. #12Nursing#9
  22. #14Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#12
  23. #7Physics and Astronomy#8
  24. #13Psychology#6
  25. #14Social Sciences#8
  26. #12Veterinary#9

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Italy rankNetherlands rank Italy top 10%Netherlands top 10% Italy worksNetherlands works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #11 #9 15.7% 16.5% 17k 5.4k
Arts and Humanities #12 #8 10.2% 15.5% 19k 6k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #16 #9 11.8% 13.3% 29k 11k
Business, Management and Accounting #9 #5 16.7% 16.4% 12k 5.6k
Chemical Engineering #19 #11 8.6% 12.6% 1.5k 542
Chemistry #16 #13 9.8% 13.5% 5.7k 1.7k
Computer Science #11 #13 11.2% 11.7% 30k 12k
Decision Sciences #13 #5 12.7% 14.3% 3.8k 2.5k
Dentistry #7 #10 21.7% 18.4% 2.6k 662
Earth and Planetary Sciences #11 #8 11.0% 13.1% 10k 2.8k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #11 #6 12.5% 13.6% 11k 4.7k
Energy #12 #17 10.0% 10.6% 2.9k 1.1k
Engineering #12 #11 10.2% 11.6% 67k 20k
Environmental Science #12 #10 11.2% 14.0% 23k 9k
Health Professions #12 #8 15.6% 14.2% 8.1k 6.1k
Immunology and Microbiology #11 #9 12.9% 13.9% 5.3k 2.5k
Materials Science #16 #13 8.6% 11.7% 11k 3.1k
Mathematics #6 #15 12.1% 12.2% 7.2k 1.9k
Medicine #13 #6 15.4% 16.1% 129k 51k
Neuroscience #10 #8 12.5% 12.6% 11k 5.3k
Nursing #12 #9 15.2% 14.1% 2.1k 887
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #14 #12 13.6% 13.2% 1.2k 446
Physics and Astronomy #7 #8 10.5% 13.3% 18k 4.6k
Psychology #13 #6 14.7% 15.3% 14k 9.7k
Social Sciences #14 #8 11.9% 17.2% 37k 23k
Veterinary #12 #9 15.3% 15.6% 912 355

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Italy

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology27k▲ 1.22×140 topics
  2. Climate Change16k◆ 1.11×132 topics
  3. Machine Learning15k▼ 0.82×97 topics
  4. Deep Learning15k▼ 0.77×85 topics
  5. Inflammation14k▲ 1.25×83 topics
  6. Sustainability13k◆ 1.00×140 topics
  7. Treatment9,894▲ 1.49×52 topics
  8. Oxidative Stress9,864◆ 1.10×63 topics
  9. Environmental Impact9,329◆ 1.00×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life9,189▲ 1.17×61 topics
  11. Globalization8,884▼ 0.83×186 topics
  12. Cultural Heritage8,644▲ 3.0×40 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease7,916▲ 1.27×39 topics
  14. Diagnosis7,824▲ 1.54×41 topics
  15. Cancer7,806◆ 1.07×59 topics
  16. Remote Sensing7,239◆ 1.09×42 topics
  17. Immunotherapy6,484▲ 1.65×19 topics
  18. Chemotherapy6,439▲ 1.67×25 topics
  19. Risk Factors6,280◆ 1.05×37 topics
  20. Neural Networks6,165▼ 0.73×42 topics
  21. Public Health6,139▼ 0.77×77 topics
  22. Innovation5,919◆ 1.05×90 topics
  23. Genetics5,915▲ 1.54×27 topics
  24. Management5,743▲ 1.32×40 topics
  25. Metabolic Syndrome5,706▲ 1.29×24 topics
  26. Identity5,391▲ 1.37×80 topics
  27. Clinical Trials5,280▲ 1.45×19 topics
  28. Biomarkers5,232▲ 1.38×18 topics
  29. Obesity5,218▲ 1.24×29 topics
  30. Neurological Disorders5,214▲ 1.68×20 topics
  31. Genetic Mutations4,983▲ 2.1×23 topics
  32. Clinical Practice Guidelines4,902▲ 1.64×14 topics
  33. Heart Failure4,469▲ 1.84×14 topics
  34. Prognostic Factors4,419▲ 1.87×14 topics
  35. Guidelines4,360▲ 1.70×13 topics
  36. Literature4,118▲ 1.38×64 topics
  37. Complications4,115▲ 1.52×17 topics
  38. Echocardiography3,514▲ 2.3×8 topics
  39. Urban Planning2,099▲ 4.5×15 topics
  40. Italy1,777▲ 13×2 topics

Netherlands

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology11k▲ 1.26×140 topics
  2. Climate Change6,594◆ 1.11×131 topics
  3. Machine Learning5,981▼ 0.82×97 topics
  4. Inflammation5,839▲ 1.26×83 topics
  5. Deep Learning5,083▼ 0.68×85 topics
  6. Sustainability4,728◆ 0.89×139 topics
  7. Quality of Life4,599▲ 1.46×61 topics
  8. Globalization4,492◆ 1.05×182 topics
  9. Mental Health3,903▲ 1.25×47 topics
  10. Public Health3,634◆ 1.14×77 topics
  11. Treatment3,313▲ 1.25×52 topics
  12. Cardiovascular Disease3,186▲ 1.28×39 topics
  13. Depression2,953▲ 1.54×26 topics
  14. Oxidative Stress2,939▼ 0.82×63 topics
  15. Risk Factors2,929▲ 1.22×37 topics
  16. Environmental Impact2,862▼ 0.77×74 topics
  17. Human Rights2,682▲ 1.20×91 topics
  18. Renewable Energy2,558▼ 0.81×58 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence2,544▼ 0.82×67 topics
  20. Cancer2,462▼ 0.84×59 topics
  21. Chemotherapy2,404▲ 1.56×25 topics
  22. Diagnosis2,398▲ 1.18×41 topics
  23. Big Data2,310◆ 1.11×37 topics
  24. Biomarkers2,265▲ 1.49×18 topics
  25. Immunotherapy2,187▲ 1.39×19 topics
  26. Metabolic Syndrome2,179▲ 1.23×24 topics
  27. Genetics2,129▲ 1.38×27 topics
  28. Clinical Trials2,079▲ 1.43×19 topics
  29. Management2,062▲ 1.18×40 topics
  30. Clinical Practice Guidelines2,045▲ 1.71×14 topics
  31. Meta-Analysis1,965▲ 1.53×21 topics
  32. Obesity1,959▲ 1.17×29 topics
  33. Ethics1,957▲ 1.77×61 topics
  34. Neurological Disorders1,871▲ 1.50×20 topics
  35. Anxiety1,841▲ 1.78×12 topics
  36. Aging1,766▲ 1.49×19 topics
  37. Resilience1,708▲ 1.59×19 topics
  38. Guidelines1,685▲ 1.64×13 topics
  39. Heart Failure1,569▲ 1.61×14 topics
  40. Emotion Regulation1,534▲ 2.2×9 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Italy has out-published the Netherlands every year since 1980.

still counting50k100k150kItaly124k in 2025Netherlands49k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting2.0%4.0%Italy2.1% in 2025Netherlands0.83% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Netherlands13.6% in 2025Italy12.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Italy 22 level1 Netherlands
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1004
  3. 14In the top 50014
  4. 38In the top 1,00017
  5. #9Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#11

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Italy or Netherlands?

Italy publishes 2.5× as much research as the Netherlands in 2022-now (479k against 191k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Italy or Netherlands?

14.6% of the Netherlands's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 12.8% for Italy.

Is Italy or Netherlands growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +10% against 2018-21 for Italy, and -2% for the Netherlands.

Which has more open access research, Italy or Netherlands?

48% of the Netherlands's research is free to read, against 43% of Italy's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Italy or Netherlands?

The Netherlands holds 4 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Italy 0; in the top 1,000 it is 17 against 38.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Italy

  1. 1University of Padua13.0% top 10% · 17k works
  2. 2Sapienza University of Rome12.5% top 10% · 24k works
  3. 3University of Bologna12.5% top 10% · 17k works
  4. 4National Research Council12.6% top 10% · 19k works
  5. 5University of Naples Federico II14.3% top 10% · 15k works
  6. 6University of Turin12.9% top 10% · 11k works

Netherlands

  1. 1University of Amsterdam17.4% top 10% · 12k works
  2. 2Radboud University Nijmegen15.7% top 10% · 13k works
  3. 3Utrecht University15.8% top 10% · 15k works
  4. 4University of Groningen15.8% top 10% · 14k works
  5. 5Erasmus University Rotterdam16.6% top 10% · 11k works
  6. 6Leiden University15.6% top 10% · 11k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Italy

  1. 1 M. Razzano #143 worldwide 134k citations · 578 works
  2. 2 Stefano Carniani #211 worldwide 17k citations · 427 works
  3. 3 F. Pannarale #213 worldwide 85k citations · 265 works
  4. 4 M. Pesce-Rollins #346 worldwide 55k citations · 464 works
  5. 5 Nicola Segata #448 worldwide 122k citations · 539 works

Netherlands

  1. 1 Hans C. Clevers #12 worldwide 260k citations · 1,323 works
  2. 2 Arnold B. Bakker #298 worldwide 189k citations · 745 works
  3. 3 Detlef Peter van Vuuren #407 worldwide 126k citations · 877 works
  4. 4 Nancy Bocken #490 worldwide 37k citations · 229 works
  5. 5 Lourens Poorter #512 worldwide 50k citations · 402 works

Other comparisons

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