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Nonprofit · Princeton · United States

Educational Testing Service

In research, Educational Testing Service stands highest in Social Sciences (#3,120 of 9,585 worldwide), Computer Science (#1,925 of 4,417 worldwide) and Social Sciences (#3,394 of 5,988 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Management Science and Operations Research, Developmental and Educational Psychology and Decision Sciences (Management Science and Operations Research is 18.7× its share of world research).

ets.orgROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#5,800
of 22,385 · #1,973 all time
Rank in United States
#782
of 3,332
Research works
5.3k
▼ 39% vs 2018-21
Citations
244k
46.0 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
10.8%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
1.16×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
33%
world 40%
International
5%
world 18%
Educational Testing Service

What is Educational Testing Service known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Social SciencesDomain #3,120 of 9,585 11.8%165 #905
Computer ScienceField #1,925 of 4,417 9.1%69 #832
Social SciencesField #3,394 of 5,988 13.7%78 #1058
Physical SciencesDomain #6,866 of 10,670 6.9%98 #2191

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Educational Testing Service sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Social Sciences#905 #3,120
  2. Computer Science#832 #1,925
  3. Social Sciences#1,058 #3,394
  4. Physical Sciences#2,191 #6,866
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Educational Testing Service work in?

In 2022-now, 59% of research at Educational Testing Service is in Social Sciences, 35% in Physical Sciences. Its largest fields are Social Sciences (27%), Computer Science (25%), Psychology (15%). It does 2.3× the world's share of Social Sciences.

Social Sciences: 174 fractional works · 59.4% of its workSocial Sciences: 80 fractional works · 27.4% of its workEducation: 59 fractional works · 20.2% of its workSociology and Political Science: 9 fractional works · 3.1% of its workSafety Research: 3 fractional works · 1.0% of its workLinguistics and Language: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workGender Studies: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGeneral Social Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workCommunication: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHuman Factors and Ergonomics: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPsychology: 44 fractional works · 15.2% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 22 fractional works · 7.5% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 8 fractional works · 2.7% of its workSocial Psychology: 6 fractional works · 2.2% of its workClinical Psychology: 6 fractional works · 2.1% of its workApplied Psychology: 2 fractional works · 0.8% of its workDecision Sciences: 33 fractional works · 11.3% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 27 fractional works · 9.2% of its workStatistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 3 fractional works · 1.1% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 3 fractional works · 1.0% of its workArts and Humanities: 12 fractional works · 4.0% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 6 fractional works · 2.1% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 5 fractional works · 1.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 4 fractional works · 1.3% of its workManagement Information Systems: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workPhysical Sciences: 101 fractional works · 34.7% of its workComputer Science: 72 fractional works · 24.5% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 46 fractional works · 15.9% of its workComputer Science Applications: 7 fractional works · 2.4% of its workInformation Systems: 6 fractional works · 2.0% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 5 fractional works · 1.7% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 3 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSoftware: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSignal Processing: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 18 fractional works · 6.1% of its workStatistics and Probability: 17 fractional works · 5.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEngineering: 9 fractional works · 3.0% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 3 fractional works · 1.1% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workComputational Mechanics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMechanical Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workMaterials Science: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnvironmental Science: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemistry: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEnergy: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workHealth Sciences: 11 fractional works · 3.9% of its workMedicine: 9 fractional works · 3.1% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 4 fractional works · 1.4% of its workHealth Informatics: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNephrology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHealth Professions: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOccupational Therapy: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workVeterinary: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 6 fractional works · 2.0% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 4 fractional works · 1.2% of its workFood Science: 3 fractional works · 0.9% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workNeuroscience: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workALL ITS WORKEducationalTesting Service292fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences2%Physical Sciences35%Health Sciences4%Social Sciences59%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 21 fields, with their numbers
    1. Social Sciences8027.4%
    2. Psychology4415.2%
    3. Decision Sciences3311.3%
    4. Arts and Humanities124.0%
    5. Business, Management and Accounting41.3%
    6. Economics, Econometrics and Finance10.3%
    1. Computer Science7224.5%
    2. Mathematics186.1%
    3. Engineering93.0%
    4. Materials Science10.4%
    5. Environmental Science10.3%
    6. Chemistry00.2%
    7. Physics and Astronomy00.1%
    8. Energy00.1%
    1. Medicine93.1%
    2. Health Professions20.7%
    3. Veterinary00.1%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences41.2%
    2. Neuroscience20.6%
    3. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology00.2%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology00.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Educational Testing Service specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Management Science and Operations Research takes 18.7× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. Management Science and Operations ResearchSubfield · 27.0 works19×
  2. Developmental and Educational PsychologySubfield · 21.8 works16×
  3. Decision SciencesField · 32.9 works12×
  4. EducationSubfield · 59.0 works6.6×
  5. Artificial IntelligenceSubfield · 46.5 works6.6×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.25× its world share, 4 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.03× its world share, 0 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.02× its world share, 0 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.35× its world share, 2 worksNeuroscienceChemistry: 0.10× its world share, 0 worksChemistryComputer Science: 3.15× its world share, 72 worksComputer ScienceEnergy: 0.12× its world share, 0 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.20× its world share, 9 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.07× its world share, 1 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.11× its world share, 1 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 5.18× its world share, 18 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.06× its world share, 0 worksPhysics and AstronomyHealth Professions: 0.26× its world share, 2 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.16× its world share, 9 worksMedicineVeterinary: 0.84× its world share, 0 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 1.38× its world share, 12 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.42× its world share, 4 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 11.64× its world share, 33 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.13× its world share, 1 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 4.98× its world share, 44 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 2.17× its world share, 80 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Decision Sciences, 11.6×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 21 fields, with their numbers
  1. Decision Sciences11.64×33 works
  2. Mathematics5.18×18 works
  3. Psychology4.98×44 works
  4. Computer Science3.15×72 works
  5. Social Sciences2.17×80 works
  6. Arts and Humanities1.38×12 works
  7. Veterinary0.84×0 works
  8. Business, Management and Accounting0.42×4 works
  9. Neuroscience0.35×2 works
  10. Health Professions0.26×2 works
  11. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.25×4 works
  12. Engineering0.20×9 works
  13. Medicine0.16×9 works
  14. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.13×1 works
  15. Energy0.12×0 works
  16. Materials Science0.11×1 works
  17. Chemistry0.10×0 works
  18. Environmental Science0.07×1 works
  19. Physics and Astronomy0.06×0 works
  20. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.03×0 works
  21. Immunology and Microbiology0.02×0 works

Who are the top researchers at Educational Testing Service?

Ranked on the quality score, Samuel Messick, Ou Lydia Liu and Herman A. Witkin lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Educational Testing Service.

  1. 1 Samuel Messick United States · #105,454 worldwide 26k citations · 254 works
  2. 2 Ou Lydia Liu United States · #130,150 worldwide 5.1k citations · 137 works
  3. 3 Herman A. Witkin United States · #182,875 worldwide 15k citations · 125 works
  4. 4 Joel Tetreault United States · #235,085 worldwide 7.1k citations · 193 works
  5. 5 Matthias von Davier United States · #246,885 worldwide 4.9k citations · 198 works
  6. 6 Claudia Leacock United States · #266,267 worldwide 5.4k citations · 52 works
  7. 7 Frederic M. Lord United States · #291,341 worldwide 18k citations · 248 works
  8. 8 John A. Centra United States · #307,202 worldwide 4.6k citations · 126 works
  9. 9 Paul Deane United States · #314,097 worldwide 3.3k citations · 127 works
  10. 10 Jiangang Hao United States · #314,534 worldwide 6.8k citations · 146 works
All ranked researchers at Educational Testing Service

What are the most cited papers from Educational Testing Service?

The most cited paper from Educational Testing Service is "Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm" (A. P. Dempster, N. M. Laird, Donald B. Rubin, 1977), with 50,034 citations. Next come "Inference and missing data" (9,875) and "Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies." (9,635).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm A. P. Dempster, N. M. Laird, Donald B. Rubin · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) Sep 1977 50,034
2 Inference and missing data Donald B. Rubin · Biometrika 1976 9,875
3 Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Donald B. Rubin · Journal of Educational Psychology Open access Oct 1974 9,635
4 The standards for educational and psychological testing. Daniel R. Eignor · American Psychological Association eBooks Book chapter 2013 7,079
5 Statistics and Causal Inference Paul W. Holland · Journal of the American Statistical Association Dec 1986 5,156
All 55 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Educational Testing Service?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Structural Equation Modeling, Factor Analysis, Measurement Invariance, Learning Outcomes, Educational Research, Student Engagement, Self-Regulated Learning and Educational Technology.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Structural Equation Modeling23▲ 40×2 topics
  2. Factor Analysis20▲ 629×1 topic
  3. Measurement Invariance20▲ 629×1 topic
  4. Learning Outcomes20▲ 16×6 topics
  5. Machine Learning20▲ 2.0×22 topics
  6. Educational Technology18▲ 5.2×13 topics
  7. Neural Networks17▲ 3.8×14 topics
  8. Educational Research17▲ 42×3 topics
  9. Student Engagement16▲ 14×12 topics
  10. Self-Regulated Learning15▲ 158×2 topics
  11. Feedback14▲ 83×1 topic
  12. Formative Assessment14▲ 56×1 topic
  13. Meta-Analysis13▲ 7.4×8 topics
  14. Motivation11▲ 9.0×5 topics
  15. Metacognition11▲ 24×4 topics
  16. Text Classification11▲ 23×3 topics
  17. Online Learning10▲ 4.3×8 topics
  18. Self-Regulation10▲ 19×3 topics
  19. Corpus Linguistics10▲ 16×3 topics
  20. Topic Modeling10▲ 22×2 topics
  21. Intelligent Tutoring Systems10▲ 66×2 topics
  22. Information Retrieval9▲ 15×4 topics
  23. Collaborative Learning9▲ 44×1 topic
  24. Scaffolding9▲ 64×1 topic
  25. Teaching Strategies9▲ 11×4 topics
  26. Higher Education9▲ 5.6×6 topics
  27. Machine Translation8▲ 17×1 topic
  28. Word Representation8▲ 24×1 topic
  29. Academic Achievement8▲ 17×7 topics
  30. Student Achievement8▲ 31×4 topics
  31. Educational Inequality8▲ 46×2 topics
  32. Bayesian Networks8▲ 29×2 topics
  33. Affective States7▲ 82×1 topic
  34. Cognitive-Affective Interaction7▲ 82×1 topic
  35. Language Development7▲ 20×3 topics
  36. Principal Component Analysis7▲ 18×2 topics
  37. Regression Analysis7▲ 63×2 topics
  38. Neural Machine Translation7▲ 26×1 topic
  39. Statistical Machine Translation7▲ 26×1 topic
  40. Multilingualism7▲ 14×3 topics

Which research topics does Educational Testing Service publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Psychometric Methodologies and Testing, Student Assessment and Feedback, Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods and Topic Modeling.

Psychometric Methodologi…20Psychometric Methodologies and Testing: 20 fractional worksStudent Assessment and Feedback: 14 fractional worksInnovative Teaching and Learning Methods: 9 fractional worksTopic Modeling8Topic Modeling: 8 fractional worksIntelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning: 7 fractional worksNatural Language Processing Techniques: 7 fractional worksAdvanced Statistical Met…6Advanced Statistical Methods and Models: 6 fractional worksEducation and Critical Thinking Development: 5 fractional worksOnline Learning and Analytics: 5 fractional worksSchool Choice and Performance: 4 fractional works
Management Science and Operations ResearchEducationDevelopmental and Educational PsychologyArtificial Intelligence2 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Management Science and Operations Research 20 works
  2. 2 Student Assessment and Feedback Education 14 works
  3. 3 Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods Developmental and Educational Psychology 9 works
  4. 4 Topic Modeling Artificial Intelligence 8 works
  5. 5 Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning Artificial Intelligence 7 works
  6. 6 Natural Language Processing Techniques Artificial Intelligence 7 works
  7. 7 Advanced Statistical Methods and Models Statistics and Probability 6 works
  8. 8 Education and Critical Thinking Development Education 5 works
  9. 9 Online Learning and Analytics Computer Science Applications 5 works
  10. 10 School Choice and Performance Education 4 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available33.0%not open67.0%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors4.9%domestic only95.1%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Educational Testing Service's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 39% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Educational Testing Service as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.00089% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Educational Testing Service0.00066% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Educational Testing Service over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%30%all institutions10.0% in 2025Educational Testing Service6.9% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 23.1% in 2000.

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Educational Testing Service on Science Explorer

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