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Azerbaijan vs Kazakhstan

On research quality in 2022-now, Kazakhstan ranks #91 in the world and Azerbaijan #157, of 189 countries. Azerbaijan stands higher in 1 of the 21 fields both publish in, Kazakhstan in 20.

Research profiles alike: 0.76very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Azerbaijan

World rank, 2022-now
#157
#184 all time
Works, 2022-now
18k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
61%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Energy, Fuel Technology, Museology.

Kazakhstan

World rank, 2022-now
#91
#85 all time
Works, 2022-now
40k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
68%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Fuel Technology, General Energy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Kazakhstan leads on 7 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work, open access and international co-authorship. Azerbaijan leads on 1 of 9 measures: growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Azerbaijan 11 level7 Kazakhstan
  1. #157Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#91
  2. 0.49×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
  3. 18kOutputfractional works, 2022-now40k
  4. 5.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.7%
  5. 4.2Citations per workall time, per fractional work5.0
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 61%Open accessof its works free to read, all time68%
  8. 26%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time30%
  9. +105%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+81%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Azerbaijan stands higher in 1 of 21 fields, Kazakhstan in 20. Kazakhstan leads most in Social Sciences (#74 against #120); Azerbaijan leads most in Economics, Econometrics and Finance (#87 against #89). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Azerbaijan 120 Kazakhstan
  1. #120Agricultural and Biological Sciences#96
  2. #88Arts and Humanities#73
  3. #101Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#79
  4. #96Business, Management and Accounting#91
  5. #70Chemistry#67
  6. #117Computer Science#88
  7. #72Decision Sciences#71
  8. #73Earth and Planetary Sciences#67
  9. #87Economics, Econometrics and Finance#89
  10. #68Energy#66
  11. #108Engineering#77
  12. #119Environmental Science#91
  13. #104Health Professions#93
  14. -Immunology and Microbiology#64
  15. #81Materials Science#59
  16. #71Mathematics#61
  17. #148Medicine#132
  18. -Neuroscience#58
  19. #67Physics and Astronomy#59
  20. #101Psychology#82
  21. #120Social Sciences#74

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Azerbaijan rankKazakhstan rank Azerbaijan top 10%Kazakhstan top 10% Azerbaijan worksKazakhstan works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #120 #96 4.3% 8.7% 1.1k 2.8k
Arts and Humanities #88 #73 7.3% 10.0% 1.4k 1.5k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #101 #79 3.1% 6.5% 407 1.1k
Business, Management and Accounting #96 #91 8.0% 8.2% 569 1.4k
Chemistry #70 #67 3.6% 4.2% 439 500
Computer Science #117 #88 7.1% 8.6% 1.2k 3.3k
Decision Sciences #72 #71 6.8% 7.4% 219 316
Earth and Planetary Sciences #73 #67 4.6% 6.3% 424 608
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #87 #89 10.6% 7.7% 927 1.5k
Energy #68 #66 7.4% 6.0% 353 522
Engineering #108 #77 4.4% 6.6% 2.6k 7.1k
Environmental Science #119 #91 6.8% 6.8% 688 1.8k
Health Professions #104 #93 4.7% 8.2% 226 708
Immunology and Microbiology - #64 - 6.8% - 232
Materials Science #81 #59 6.2% 6.1% 786 1.4k
Mathematics #71 #61 7.0% 6.5% 518 806
Medicine #148 #132 3.2% 6.2% 1.5k 4.1k
Neuroscience - #58 - 7.0% - 239
Physics and Astronomy #67 #59 11.0% 6.2% 524 736
Psychology #101 #82 4.6% 7.3% 525 1.1k
Social Sciences #120 #74 6.2% 9.6% 3.3k 8.1k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Azerbaijan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Globalization1,178▲ 2.7×137 topics
  2. Sustainable Development1,057▲ 3.0×104 topics
  3. Climate Change962▲ 1.59×118 topics
  4. Sustainability956▲ 1.76×116 topics
  5. Education900▲ 2.4×109 topics
  6. Renewable Energy881▲ 2.7×57 topics
  7. Innovation866▲ 3.8×74 topics
  8. Economic Development658▲ 3.7×51 topics
  9. Cultural Heritage593▲ 5.0×32 topics
  10. Pedagogy588▲ 5.3×23 topics
  11. Artificial Intelligence530▲ 1.67×64 topics
  12. Language Teaching516▲ 8.7×8 topics
  13. Energy Efficiency494▲ 2.4×43 topics
  14. Digital Transformation461▲ 3.8×26 topics
  15. Teacher Training455▲ 3.3×24 topics
  16. Economic Growth412▲ 2.3×33 topics
  17. Educational Technologies398▲ 20×2 topics
  18. Digital Economy395▲ 8.8×19 topics
  19. Tourism Development393▲ 13×2 topics
  20. Language389▲ 7.1×13 topics
  21. Digital Education385▲ 12×7 topics
  22. Teaching Methods378▲ 11×9 topics
  23. Critical Thinking377▲ 15×5 topics
  24. Formative Assessment358▲ 19×2 topics
  25. Artistic Education350▲ 24×1 topic
  26. Student Competencies350▲ 24×1 topic
  27. Linguistics318▲ 9.0×7 topics
  28. Global Governance317▲ 5.9×22 topics
  29. Migration316▲ 4.2×26 topics
  30. Geopolitics269▲ 8.0×10 topics
  31. Ethnography263▲ 6.9×12 topics
  32. Sufism256▲ 25×2 topics
  33. Language Contact253▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Morphology241▲ 6.1×12 topics
  35. Folklore225▲ 20×3 topics
  36. Mythology223▲ 20×3 topics
  37. Etymology218▲ 21×2 topics
  38. Historical Phonology218▲ 21×2 topics
  39. Rituals215▲ 12×4 topics
  40. Storytelling215▲ 20×4 topics

Kazakhstan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development2,930▲ 4.0×107 topics
  2. Climate Change2,302▲ 1.83×125 topics
  3. Globalization2,060▲ 2.3×155 topics
  4. Innovation2,045▲ 4.3×77 topics
  5. Education1,859▲ 2.3×127 topics
  6. Sustainability1,598▲ 1.41×127 topics
  7. Educational Technology1,528▲ 2.8×47 topics
  8. Artificial Intelligence1,416▲ 2.1×65 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,317▲ 1.96×59 topics
  10. Energy Efficiency1,275▲ 3.0×45 topics
  11. E-Learning1,254▲ 2.8×25 topics
  12. Digital Transformation1,221▲ 4.9×30 topics
  13. Online Learning1,056▲ 2.7×26 topics
  14. Pedagogy1,044▲ 4.5×27 topics
  15. Legal Regulation1,032▲ 9.9×8 topics
  16. Food Security1,014▲ 4.0×24 topics
  17. Economic Development995▲ 2.7×50 topics
  18. Economic Security965▲ 9.8×7 topics
  19. Digitalization959▲ 10×14 topics
  20. Teacher Training911▲ 3.2×26 topics
  21. Ethnicity894▲ 5.2×22 topics
  22. Digital Economy894▲ 9.6×19 topics
  23. Higher Education879▲ 3.6×30 topics
  24. Regional Development854▲ 5.4×21 topics
  25. Culture849▲ 3.5×33 topics
  26. Migration766▲ 4.8×30 topics
  27. Islam635▲ 6.6×5 topics
  28. Geopolitics627▲ 8.9×11 topics
  29. Strategic Planning618▲ 9.1×5 topics
  30. Foresight613▲ 10×2 topics
  31. International Trade Law612▲ 10×2 topics
  32. Public Oversight607▲ 11×1 topic
  33. Transport Policy607▲ 11×1 topic
  34. Modernization604▲ 7.1×5 topics
  35. Sharia Law592▲ 8.9×2 topics
  36. Malay Language592▲ 9.1×1 topic
  37. Design584▲ 7.7×6 topics
  38. Air Force572▲ 10×1 topic
  39. Warfare572▲ 10×1 topic
  40. Central Asia572▲ 17×4 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Kazakhstan has out-published Azerbaijan every year since 2007, when it overtook it.

still counting5k10k15kKazakhstan11k in 2025Azerbaijan6,677 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%Kazakhstan0.19% in 2025Azerbaijan0.11% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%Kazakhstan8.7% in 2025Azerbaijan6.7% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Azerbaijan 05 level0 Kazakhstan
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Azerbaijan or Kazakhstan?

Kazakhstan publishes 2.2× as much research as Azerbaijan in 2022-now (40k against 18k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Azerbaijan or Kazakhstan?

7.7% of Kazakhstan's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 5.9% for Azerbaijan.

Is Azerbaijan or Kazakhstan growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +105% against 2018-21 for Azerbaijan, and +81% for Kazakhstan.

Which has more open access research, Azerbaijan or Kazakhstan?

68% of Kazakhstan's research is free to read, against 61% of Azerbaijan's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Azerbaijan or Kazakhstan?

Azerbaijan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Kazakhstan 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Azerbaijan

  1. 1Nakhchivan State University8.5% top 10% · 1.3k works
  2. 2Azerbaijan State University of Economics12.8% top 10% · 1.2k works
  3. 3Khazar University16.1% top 10% · 642 works
  4. 4National Nuclear Research Center7.2% top 10% · 562 works
  5. 5Western Caspian University21.1% top 10% · 541 works
  6. 6ADA University6.0% top 10% · 782 works

Kazakhstan

  1. 1Nazarbayev University14.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
  2. 2Suleyman Demirel University5.8% top 10% · 2.9k works
  3. 3L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University7.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
  4. 4Astana Medical University7.4% top 10% · 1.8k works
  5. 5Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University8.9% top 10% · 1.2k works
  6. 6Ahmet Yesevi University7.6% top 10% · 795 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Azerbaijan

  1. 1 J. Yu #898 worldwide 55k citations · 554 works
  2. 2 S. H. Robertson #1,281 worldwide 39k citations · 435 works
  3. 3 E. Guido #1,392 worldwide 39k citations · 411 works
  4. 4 V. Andrei #1,613 worldwide 60k citations · 480 works
  5. 5 F. K. Loebinger #1,788 worldwide 45k citations · 454 works

Kazakhstan

  1. 1 Kairat Davletov #4,259 worldwide 125k citations · 151 works
  2. 2 Mukhtar Kulimbet #8,033 worldwide 26k citations · 91 works
  3. 3 Shazim Ali Memon #24,150 worldwide 9.8k citations · 153 works
  4. 4 Anas Hajar #24,262 worldwide 1.1k citations · 125 works
  5. 5 Mayowa Tosin Babalola #43,099 worldwide 3.7k citations · 74 works