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Burundi vs Luxembourg

On research quality in 2022-now, Luxembourg ranks #35 in the world and Burundi #175, of 189 countries. Burundi stands higher in 0 of the 12 fields both publish in, Luxembourg in 12.

Research profiles alike: 0.61similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Burundi

World rank, 2022-now
#175
#157 all time
Works, 2022-now
1.4k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
54%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Linguistics and Language, History and Philosophy of Science, Horticulture.

Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Luxembourg leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output and top-10% rate. Burundi leads on 3 of 9 measures: citations per work, international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100 and open access.

Burundi 32 level4 Luxembourg
  1. #175Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#35
  2. 1.01×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.21×
  3. 1.4kOutputfractional works, 2022-now7.7k
  4. 8.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited11.9%
  5. 15.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work10.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 54%Open accessof its works free to read, all time55%
  8. 53%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +16%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-22%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Burundi stands higher in 0 of 12 fields, Luxembourg in 12. Luxembourg leads most in Social Sciences (#44 against #132). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Burundi 012 Luxembourg
  1. -Arts and Humanities#44
  2. -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#39
  3. -Business, Management and Accounting#45
  4. -Computer Science#35
  5. -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#37
  6. -Engineering#35
  7. -Environmental Science#54
  8. -Materials Science#46
  9. -Medicine#38
  10. -Physics and Astronomy#32
  11. -Psychology#43
  12. #132Social Sciences#44

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Burundi rankLuxembourg rank Burundi top 10%Luxembourg top 10% Burundi worksLuxembourg works
Arts and Humanities - #44 - 11.2% - 356
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - #39 - 12.7% - 281
Business, Management and Accounting - #45 - 9.9% - 303
Computer Science - #35 - 12.6% - 1.1k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance - #37 - 11.9% - 333
Engineering - #35 - 13.3% - 1.3k
Environmental Science - #54 - 9.7% - 291
Materials Science - #46 - 9.6% - 222
Medicine - #38 - 12.0% - 737
Physics and Astronomy - #32 - 14.4% - 204
Psychology - #43 - 11.1% - 292
Social Sciences #132 #44 11.2% 11.3% 376 1.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Burundi

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Globalization80▲ 2.4×92 topics
  2. Climate Change79▲ 1.72×89 topics
  3. Sustainability62▲ 1.49×66 topics
  4. Sustainable Development54▲ 2.0×41 topics
  5. Social Justice54▲ 5.3×30 topics
  6. Gender47▲ 5.2×41 topics
  7. Education47▲ 1.60×72 topics
  8. Community Engagement44▲ 8.1×13 topics
  9. Colonialism44▲ 5.5×36 topics
  10. Public Policy42▲ 5.3×16 topics
  11. Territorial Governance41▲ 21×4 topics
  12. History40▲ 3.4×53 topics
  13. Local Development40▲ 23×2 topics
  14. Identity40▲ 3.2×54 topics
  15. Smallholder Farmers36▲ 10×5 topics
  16. Religion35▲ 4.4×27 topics
  17. Citizen Participation31▲ 16×1 topic
  18. Environmental Participation31▲ 26×1 topic
  19. Gender Studies30▲ 12×9 topics
  20. Sociolinguistics30▲ 9.6×8 topics
  21. Ethics28▲ 3.3×31 topics
  22. Social Movements27▲ 5.4×17 topics
  23. Migration26▲ 4.5×17 topics
  24. Democracy26▲ 4.4×14 topics
  25. Agroecology26▲ 11×4 topics
  26. Adaptation25▲ 5.0×11 topics
  27. Diversity24▲ 7.9×8 topics
  28. Multilingualism22▲ 8.2×5 topics
  29. Agricultural Development22▲ 8.5×5 topics
  30. Islam21▲ 6.1×5 topics
  31. Livestock Farming21▲ 21×2 topics
  32. Multifunctionality21▲ 27×2 topics
  33. Work Organization21▲ 32×1 topic
  34. Ethnographic Research21▲ 25×3 topics
  35. Educational Policies20▲ 11×2 topics
  36. Sociological Analysis20▲ 22×2 topics
  37. Professional Practices20▲ 34×1 topic
  38. Public Action20▲ 34×1 topic
  39. Social Change19▲ 9.3×11 topics
  40. Archaeology19▲ 8.7×10 topics

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Luxembourg has out-published Burundi every year since 1980.

still counting2k4kLuxembourg1,936 in 2025Burundi394 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.050%0.10%Luxembourg0.033% in 2025Burundi0.0067% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Luxembourg12.1% in 2025Burundi7.6% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Burundi 02 level3 Luxembourg
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5001
  4. 0In the top 1,0001
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#38

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Burundi or Luxembourg?

Luxembourg publishes 5.4× as much research as Burundi in 2022-now (7.7k against 1.4k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Burundi or Luxembourg?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.9% for Burundi.

Is Burundi or Luxembourg growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +16% against 2018-21 for Burundi, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Burundi or Luxembourg?

55% of Luxembourg's research is free to read, against 54% of Burundi's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Burundi or Luxembourg?

Burundi holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Luxembourg 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Burundi

  1. 1Université du Burundi8.4% top 10% · 302 works
  2. 2École Normale Supérieure9.0% top 10% · 857 works
  3. 3Republic of Burundi6.2% top 10% · 72 works

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Burundi

  1. 1 Ildephonse Sindayigaya #134,682 worldwide 331 citations · 35 works
  2. 2 Arnaud Iradukunda #717,202 worldwide 8.5k citations · 29 works
  3. 3 Jacques Nkengurutse #1,125,088 worldwide 177 citations · 33 works
  4. 4 Juma Shabani #1,326,444 worldwide 369 citations · 53 works
  5. 5 Paterne Gahungu #1,535,436 worldwide 86 citations · 29 works

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

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