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Argentina vs Luxembourg

On research quality in 2022-now, Luxembourg ranks #35 in the world and Argentina #38, of 189 countries. Argentina stands higher in 19 of the 25 fields both publish in, Luxembourg in 6.

Research profiles alike: -0.19different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Argentina

World rank, 2022-now
#38
#37 all time
Works, 2022-now
79k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
62%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Social Sciences, Paleontology, General Arts and Humanities.

Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Argentina leads on 4 of 9 measures: output, citations per work, open access and growth. Luxembourg leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, top-10% rate and international co-authorship. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Argentina 41 level4 Luxembourg
  1. #38Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#35
  2. 0.67×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.21×
  3. 79kOutputfractional works, 2022-now7.7k
  4. 5.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited11.9%
  5. 11.6Citations per workall time, per fractional work10.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 62%Open accessof its works free to read, all time55%
  8. 20%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. -15%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-22%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Argentina stands higher in 19 of 25 fields, Luxembourg in 6. Argentina leads most in Arts and Humanities (#27 against #44); Luxembourg leads most in Engineering (#35 against #55). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Argentina 196 Luxembourg
  1. #32Agricultural and Biological Sciences-
  2. #27Arts and Humanities#44
  3. #36Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#39
  4. #60Business, Management and Accounting#45
  5. #45Chemistry-
  6. #52Computer Science#35
  7. #52Decision Sciences-
  8. #46Dentistry-
  9. #33Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  10. #45Economics, Econometrics and Finance#37
  11. #50Energy-
  12. #55Engineering#35
  13. #42Environmental Science#54
  14. #43Health Professions-
  15. #34Immunology and Microbiology-
  16. #57Materials Science#46
  17. #34Mathematics-
  18. #37Medicine#38
  19. #32Neuroscience-
  20. #32Nursing-
  21. #33Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  22. #40Physics and Astronomy#32
  23. #36Psychology#43
  24. #28Social Sciences#44
  25. #22Veterinary-

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Argentina rankLuxembourg rank Argentina top 10%Luxembourg top 10% Argentina worksLuxembourg works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #32 - 6.0% - 6.7k -
Arts and Humanities #27 #44 8.0% 11.2% 6k 356
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #36 #39 5.3% 12.7% 3.8k 281
Business, Management and Accounting #60 #45 4.8% 9.9% 1.2k 303
Chemistry #45 - 4.8% - 970 -
Computer Science #52 #35 4.5% 12.6% 3k 1.1k
Decision Sciences #52 - 5.4% - 302 -
Dentistry #46 - 3.3% - 269 -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #33 - 5.2% - 2.2k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #45 #37 6.3% 11.9% 1.3k 333
Energy #50 - 4.5% - 503 -
Engineering #55 #35 3.8% 13.3% 4.1k 1.3k
Environmental Science #42 #54 5.2% 9.7% 5.5k 291
Health Professions #43 - 6.0% - 1.8k -
Immunology and Microbiology #34 - 6.8% - 832 -
Materials Science #57 #46 3.5% 9.6% 1.5k 222
Mathematics #34 - 7.8% - 719 -
Medicine #37 #38 5.5% 12.0% 13k 737
Neuroscience #32 - 5.4% - 1k -
Nursing #32 - 5.3% - 456 -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #33 - 6.4% - 216 -
Physics and Astronomy #40 #32 4.9% 14.4% 1.7k 204
Psychology #36 #43 5.5% 11.1% 2.8k 292
Social Sciences #28 #44 6.7% 11.3% 19k 1.3k
Veterinary #22 - 5.8% - 222 -

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Argentina

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Globalization5,661▲ 3.3×167 topics
  2. Climate Change4,461▲ 1.87×123 topics
  3. Education4,214▲ 2.8×141 topics
  4. Epidemiology4,167▲ 1.19×140 topics
  5. Latin America3,932▲ 24×23 topics
  6. Public Health2,816▲ 2.2×75 topics
  7. History2,786▲ 4.6×64 topics
  8. Social Movements2,751▲ 11×32 topics
  9. Sustainability2,654▲ 1.24×124 topics
  10. Gender2,566▲ 5.4×56 topics
  11. Human Rights2,376▲ 2.6×84 topics
  12. Identity1,909▲ 3.0×75 topics
  13. Cultural Identity1,864▲ 4.3×36 topics
  14. Biodiversity1,796▲ 2.7×37 topics
  15. Neoliberalism1,740▲ 5.5×30 topics
  16. Innovation1,697▲ 1.87×74 topics
  17. Ethics1,695▲ 3.8×59 topics
  18. Social Inequality1,673▲ 7.1×21 topics
  19. Literature1,623▲ 3.4×59 topics
  20. Cultural Studies1,567▲ 4.8×39 topics
  21. Memory1,556▲ 7.2×23 topics
  22. Colonialism1,446▲ 3.5×49 topics
  23. Invasive Species1,426▲ 3.8×21 topics
  24. Inequality1,394▲ 7.0×19 topics
  25. Communication1,383▲ 5.0×23 topics
  26. Philosophy1,347▲ 3.5×44 topics
  27. Politics1,316▲ 5.7×24 topics
  28. Public Policy1,293▲ 3.1×29 topics
  29. Society1,260▲ 7.5×26 topics
  30. Biogeography1,167▲ 4.8×20 topics
  31. Community Participation1,145▲ 3.7×18 topics
  32. Feminism1,125▲ 4.4×26 topics
  33. Violence1,050▲ 8.1×15 topics
  34. Economy1,023▲ 15×8 topics
  35. Molecular Phylogeny927▲ 6.4×12 topics
  36. Welfare State912▲ 13×4 topics
  37. Resistance885▲ 10.0×9 topics
  38. Political Violence883▲ 39×3 topics
  39. Cultural822▲ 19×7 topics
  40. Protest816▲ 24×3 topics

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Argentina has out-published Luxembourg every year since 1980.

still counting10k20k30kArgentina20k in 2025Luxembourg1,936 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Argentina0.34% in 2025Luxembourg0.033% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Luxembourg12.1% in 2025Argentina6.0% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Argentina 22 level1 Luxembourg
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5001
  4. 2In the top 1,0001
  5. #35Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#38

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Argentina or Luxembourg?

Argentina publishes 10.2× as much research as Luxembourg in 2022-now (79k against 7.7k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Argentina or Luxembourg?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 5.8% for Argentina.

Is Argentina or Luxembourg growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was -15% against 2018-21 for Argentina, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Argentina or Luxembourg?

62% of Argentina's research is free to read, against 55% of Luxembourg's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Argentina or Luxembourg?

Argentina holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Luxembourg 0; in the top 1,000 it is 2 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Argentina

  1. 1 Rafael Ugarriza Díaz #1,505 worldwide 80k citations · 380 works
  2. 2 Enzo Tagliazucchi #4,405 worldwide 15k citations · 294 works
  3. 3 Osvaldo E. Sala #6,469 worldwide 55k citations · 325 works
  4. 4 Sandra M. Díaz #7,348 worldwide 83k citations · 374 works
  5. 5 G. Farrar #18,089 worldwide 10k citations · 105 works

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

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