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Hungary vs Luxembourg

On research quality in 2022-now, Hungary ranks #32 in the world and Luxembourg #35, of 189 countries. Hungary stands higher in 22 of the 24 fields both publish in, Luxembourg in 2.

Research profiles alike: 0.22somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Hungary

World rank, 2022-now
#32
#36 all time
Works, 2022-now
69k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.6%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
48%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Geography, Planning and Development, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Archeology.

Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Hungary leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, citations per work and growth. Luxembourg leads on 4 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, open access and international co-authorship. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Hungary 41 level4 Luxembourg
  1. #32Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#35
  2. 0.87×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.21×
  3. 69kOutputfractional works, 2022-now7.7k
  4. 8.6%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited11.9%
  5. 14.2Citations per workall time, per fractional work10.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 48%Open accessof its works free to read, all time55%
  8. 24%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +23%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-22%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Hungary stands higher in 22 of 24 fields, Luxembourg in 2. Hungary leads most in Arts and Humanities (#30 against #44); Luxembourg leads most in Computer Science (#35 against #38). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Hungary 222 Luxembourg
  1. #33Agricultural and Biological Sciences-
  2. #30Arts and Humanities#44
  3. #30Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#39
  4. #31Business, Management and Accounting#45
  5. #41Chemistry-
  6. #38Computer Science#35
  7. #37Decision Sciences-
  8. #30Dentistry-
  9. #37Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  10. #29Economics, Econometrics and Finance#37
  11. #41Energy-
  12. #37Engineering#35
  13. #38Environmental Science#54
  14. #33Health Professions-
  15. #33Immunology and Microbiology-
  16. #40Materials Science#46
  17. #30Mathematics-
  18. #33Medicine#38
  19. #24Neuroscience-
  20. #35Nursing-
  21. #28Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  22. #27Physics and Astronomy#32
  23. #31Psychology#43
  24. #31Social Sciences#44

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Hungary rankLuxembourg rank Hungary top 10%Luxembourg top 10% Hungary worksLuxembourg works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #33 - 9.5% - 4.1k -
Arts and Humanities #30 #44 8.6% 11.2% 3.5k 356
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #30 #39 7.8% 12.7% 3.3k 281
Business, Management and Accounting #31 #45 10.2% 9.9% 2.2k 303
Chemistry #41 - 5.1% - 1k -
Computer Science #38 #35 7.6% 12.6% 4.1k 1.1k
Decision Sciences #37 - 8.6% - 695 -
Dentistry #30 - 20.5% - 260 -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #37 - 7.0% - 1.2k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #29 #37 10.0% 11.9% 1.9k 333
Energy #41 - 8.2% - 464 -
Engineering #37 #35 7.1% 13.3% 7.8k 1.3k
Environmental Science #38 #54 8.6% 9.7% 3.1k 291
Health Professions #33 - 9.3% - 1.3k -
Immunology and Microbiology #33 - 8.4% - 526 -
Materials Science #40 #46 6.7% 9.6% 1.4k 222
Mathematics #30 - 8.3% - 1k -
Medicine #33 #38 9.3% 12.0% 9.3k 737
Neuroscience #24 - 8.4% - 1.1k -
Nursing #35 - 10.6% - 231 -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #28 - 9.2% - 253 -
Physics and Astronomy #27 #32 7.0% 14.4% 1.6k 204
Psychology #31 #43 7.3% 11.1% 2.6k 292
Social Sciences #31 #44 9.4% 11.3% 16k 1.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Hungary

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainability7,962▲ 4.2×137 topics
  2. Globalization7,804▲ 5.1×174 topics
  3. Innovation6,693▲ 8.3×89 topics
  4. Economic Development6,345▲ 10×57 topics
  5. Knowledge Management6,104▲ 14×40 topics
  6. Regional Disparities6,074▲ 165×2 topics
  7. Social Impact5,955▲ 19×25 topics
  8. Policy5,925▲ 35×16 topics
  9. Tourism5,878▲ 82×9 topics
  10. Environmental Influence5,802▲ 252×1 topic
  11. Climate Change2,714▲ 1.28×130 topics
  12. Epidemiology2,159▼ 0.69×139 topics
  13. Machine Learning1,914▼ 0.74×97 topics
  14. Education1,437◆ 1.07×156 topics
  15. Inflammation1,306▼ 0.79×83 topics
  16. Artificial Intelligence1,262◆ 1.13×65 topics
  17. Human Rights1,246▲ 1.56×90 topics
  18. Sustainable Development1,239◆ 1.01×110 topics
  19. Environmental Impact1,231◆ 0.92×73 topics
  20. Biodiversity966▲ 1.62×38 topics
  21. European Union950▲ 5.5×29 topics
  22. Identity882▲ 1.56×78 topics
  23. Invasive Species868▲ 2.6×21 topics
  24. Nationalism857▲ 2.4×34 topics
  25. International Relations838▲ 4.4×31 topics
  26. Religion709▲ 1.96×43 topics
  27. European Integration636▲ 15×6 topics
  28. Geopolitics633▲ 5.3×12 topics
  29. Diplomacy539▲ 7.4×9 topics
  30. Eastern Europe519▲ 13×3 topics
  31. Soviet Union499▲ 12×3 topics
  32. Cold War486▲ 10×5 topics
  33. National Identity477▲ 5.3×11 topics
  34. Sociology466▲ 4.3×27 topics
  35. Cultural Diplomacy450▲ 7.1×5 topics
  36. Postcolonial Theory437▲ 21×4 topics
  37. Australia425▲ 34×1 topic
  38. Soft Power393▲ 12×3 topics
  39. Central Europe352▲ 57×1 topic
  40. Visegrad Group352▲ 57×1 topic

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Hungary has out-published Luxembourg every year since 1980.

still counting10k20kHungary18k in 2025Luxembourg1,936 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Hungary0.31% in 2025Luxembourg0.033% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Luxembourg12.1% in 2025Hungary9.2% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Hungary 22 level1 Luxembourg
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5001
  4. 3In the top 1,0001
  5. #33Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#38

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Hungary or Luxembourg?

Hungary publishes 8.9× as much research as Luxembourg in 2022-now (69k against 7.7k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Hungary or Luxembourg?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.6% for Hungary.

Is Hungary or Luxembourg growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +23% against 2018-21 for Hungary, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Hungary or Luxembourg?

55% of Luxembourg's research is free to read, against 48% of Hungary's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Hungary or Luxembourg?

Hungary holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Luxembourg 0; in the top 1,000 it is 3 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Hungary

  1. 1Hungarian Research Network9.3% top 10% · 5k works
  2. 2Eötvös Loránd University9.7% top 10% · 6.3k works
  3. 3Hungarian Academy of Sciences9.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  4. 4Corvinus University of Budapest13.7% top 10% · 1.9k works
  5. 5University of Debrecen8.1% top 10% · 5.9k works
  6. 6Budapest University of Technology and Economics7.0% top 10% · 4.7k works

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Hungary

  1. 1 Z. Frei #1,545 worldwide 71k citations · 273 works
  2. 2 M. Tápai #1,944 worldwide 72k citations · 134 works
  3. 3 Attila Szolnoki #5,052 worldwide 23k citations · 291 works
  4. 4 M. Vasúth #6,543 worldwide 59k citations · 224 works
  5. 5 Abderahman Rejeb #8,541 worldwide 8.8k citations · 137 works

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

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