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Greece vs Luxembourg

On research quality in 2022-now, Greece ranks #34 in the world and Luxembourg #35, of 189 countries. Greece stands higher in 24 of the 25 fields both publish in, Luxembourg in 1.

Research profiles alike: 0.23somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Greece

World rank, 2022-now
#34
#34 all time
Works, 2022-now
88k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
42%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Space and Planetary Science, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Classics.

Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Greece leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, citations per work and growth. Luxembourg leads on 3 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, open access and international co-authorship. The two are level on top-10% rate and institutions in the world top 100.

Greece 42 level3 Luxembourg
  1. #34Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#35
  2. 1.09×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.21×
  3. 88kOutputfractional works, 2022-now7.7k
  4. 11.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited11.9%
  5. 19.9Citations per workall time, per fractional work10.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 42%Open accessof its works free to read, all time55%
  8. 25%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +18%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-22%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Greece stands higher in 24 of 25 fields, Luxembourg in 1. Greece leads most in Environmental Science (#35 against #54); Luxembourg leads most in Physics and Astronomy (#32 against #37). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Greece 241 Luxembourg
  1. #35Agricultural and Biological Sciences-
  2. #41Arts and Humanities#44
  3. #29Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#39
  4. #35Business, Management and Accounting#45
  5. #31Chemical Engineering-
  6. #32Chemistry-
  7. #33Computer Science#35
  8. #36Decision Sciences-
  9. #35Dentistry-
  10. #42Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  11. #35Economics, Econometrics and Finance#37
  12. #39Energy-
  13. #34Engineering#35
  14. #35Environmental Science#54
  15. #34Health Professions-
  16. #35Immunology and Microbiology-
  17. #38Materials Science#46
  18. #37Mathematics-
  19. #32Medicine#38
  20. #31Neuroscience-
  21. #37Nursing-
  22. #36Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #37Physics and Astronomy#32
  24. #32Psychology#43
  25. #41Social Sciences#44

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Greece rankLuxembourg rank Greece top 10%Luxembourg top 10% Greece worksLuxembourg works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #35 - 14.3% - 3.6k -
Arts and Humanities #41 #44 11.2% 11.2% 2.4k 356
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #29 #39 10.8% 12.7% 4.2k 281
Business, Management and Accounting #35 #45 14.6% 9.9% 2.6k 303
Chemical Engineering #31 - 9.7% - 225 -
Chemistry #32 - 10.3% - 1k -
Computer Science #33 #35 12.0% 12.6% 8k 1.1k
Decision Sciences #36 - 12.8% - 1.1k -
Dentistry #35 - 14.5% - 444 -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #42 - 10.4% - 1.7k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #35 #37 13.2% 11.9% 2.4k 333
Energy #39 - 10.9% - 776 -
Engineering #34 #35 11.0% 13.3% 12k 1.3k
Environmental Science #35 #54 10.3% 9.7% 5.1k 291
Health Professions #34 - 13.4% - 1.8k -
Immunology and Microbiology #35 - 11.6% - 916 -
Materials Science #38 #46 8.2% 9.6% 1.8k 222
Mathematics #37 - 10.0% - 955 -
Medicine #32 #38 12.5% 12.0% 22k 737
Neuroscience #31 - 11.3% - 1.4k -
Nursing #37 - 14.7% - 381 -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #36 - 12.2% - 203 -
Physics and Astronomy #37 #32 8.7% 14.4% 1.9k 204
Psychology #32 #43 12.6% 11.1% 3.1k 292
Social Sciences #41 #44 11.8% 11.3% 7.5k 1.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Greece

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology4,737▲ 1.17×139 topics
  2. Machine Learning3,790◆ 1.12×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning3,640◆ 1.04×85 topics
  4. Climate Change3,422▲ 1.24×126 topics
  5. Sustainability2,897▲ 1.17×132 topics
  6. Inflammation2,616▲ 1.21×83 topics
  7. Cardiovascular Disease2,002▲ 1.73×39 topics
  8. Environmental Impact1,943◆ 1.12×72 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,768▲ 1.21×61 topics
  10. Oxidative Stress1,690◆ 1.01×63 topics
  11. Neural Networks1,668◆ 1.07×42 topics
  12. Quality of Life1,614◆ 1.10×61 topics
  13. Treatment1,589▲ 1.29×52 topics
  14. Remote Sensing1,569▲ 1.27×42 topics
  15. Risk Factors1,474▲ 1.32×37 topics
  16. Globalization1,385▼ 0.70×176 topics
  17. Big Data1,345▲ 1.39×37 topics
  18. Diagnosis1,336▲ 1.41×41 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence1,301◆ 0.90×67 topics
  20. Metabolic Syndrome1,276▲ 1.55×24 topics
  21. Energy Efficiency1,266▲ 1.35×44 topics
  22. Public Health1,236▼ 0.84×71 topics
  23. Healthcare1,220◆ 1.05×42 topics
  24. Mental Health1,218▼ 0.84×48 topics
  25. Cancer1,202◆ 0.88×59 topics
  26. Economic Growth1,166▲ 1.41×36 topics
  27. Internet of Things1,106▲ 1.27×33 topics
  28. Biodiversity1,083▲ 1.40×38 topics
  29. Obesity1,075▲ 1.38×29 topics
  30. Management1,039▲ 1.28×40 topics
  31. Genetics1,009▲ 1.41×27 topics
  32. Supply Chain Management1,004◆ 1.10×26 topics
  33. Depression980◆ 1.10×26 topics
  34. Health Effects942▲ 1.53×24 topics
  35. Chemotherapy940▲ 1.31×25 topics
  36. Mortality874▲ 1.52×13 topics
  37. Heart Failure807▲ 1.78×14 topics
  38. Invasive Species777▲ 1.81×21 topics
  39. Guidelines766▲ 1.60×13 topics
  40. Hypertension631▲ 2.1×16 topics

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Greece has out-published Luxembourg every year since 1980.

still counting10k20k30kGreece24k in 2025Luxembourg1,936 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Greece0.40% in 2025Luxembourg0.033% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Greece13.0% in 2025Luxembourg12.1% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Greece 22 level1 Luxembourg
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5001
  4. 4In the top 1,0001
  5. #32Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#38

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Greece or Luxembourg?

Greece publishes 11.4× as much research as Luxembourg in 2022-now (88k against 7.7k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Greece or Luxembourg?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 11.8% for Greece.

Is Greece or Luxembourg growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +18% against 2018-21 for Greece, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Greece or Luxembourg?

55% of Luxembourg's research is free to read, against 42% of Greece's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Greece or Luxembourg?

Greece holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Luxembourg 0; in the top 1,000 it is 4 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Greece

  1. 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens13.0% top 10% · 11k works
  2. 2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki11.4% top 10% · 10k works
  3. 3University of Crete12.1% top 10% · 2.5k works
  4. 4Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas11.8% top 10% · 1.7k works
  5. 5University of Patras12.7% top 10% · 5.6k works
  6. 6University of the Aegean11.7% top 10% · 1.9k works

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Greece

  1. 1 Gerasimos S Filippatos #1,382 worldwide 184k citations · 1,157 works
  2. 2 George V. Dedoussis #2,273 worldwide 40k citations · 83 works
  3. 3 Stamatios Papadakis #2,795 worldwide 10k citations · 195 works
  4. 4 Emmanuel N. Saridakis #4,461 worldwide 21k citations · 379 works
  5. 5 Evangelos Evangelou #7,975 worldwide 37k citations · 351 works

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

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