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Greece vs Saudi Arabia

On research quality in 2022-now, Saudi Arabia ranks #31 in the world and Greece #34, of 189 countries. Greece stands higher in 9 of the 25 fields both publish in, Saudi Arabia in 16.

Research profiles alike: -0.27different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Greece

World rank, 2022-now
#34
#34 all time
Works, 2022-now
88k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
42%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Space and Planetary Science, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Classics.

Saudi Arabia

World rank, 2022-now
#31
#29 all time
Works, 2022-now
156k
fractional
Top-10% rate
14.4%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
57%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Dentistry, Orthodontics, Modeling and Simulation.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Saudi Arabia leads on 7 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Greece leads on 1 of 9 measures: citations per work. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Greece 11 level7 Saudi Arabia
  1. #34Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#31
  2. 1.09×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.18×
  3. 88kOutputfractional works, 2022-now156k
  4. 11.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited14.4%
  5. 19.9Citations per workall time, per fractional work16.5
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 42%Open accessof its works free to read, all time57%
  8. 25%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time43%
  9. +18%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+72%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Greece stands higher in 9 of 25 fields, Saudi Arabia in 16. Saudi Arabia leads most in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (#22 against #36); Greece leads most in Social Sciences (#41 against #52). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Greece 916 Saudi Arabia
  1. #35Agricultural and Biological Sciences#31
  2. #41Arts and Humanities#47
  3. #29Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#32
  4. #35Business, Management and Accounting#28
  5. #31Chemical Engineering#18
  6. #32Chemistry#15
  7. #33Computer Science#26
  8. #36Decision Sciences#28
  9. #35Dentistry#24
  10. #42Earth and Planetary Sciences#24
  11. #35Economics, Econometrics and Finance#39
  12. #39Energy#20
  13. #34Engineering#24
  14. #35Environmental Science#30
  15. #34Health Professions#30
  16. #35Immunology and Microbiology#39
  17. #38Materials Science#20
  18. #37Mathematics#27
  19. #32Medicine#43
  20. #31Neuroscience#35
  21. #37Nursing#30
  22. #36Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#22
  23. #37Physics and Astronomy#39
  24. #32Psychology#34
  25. #41Social Sciences#52

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Greece rankSaudi Arabia rank Greece top 10%Saudi Arabia top 10% Greece worksSaudi Arabia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #35 #31 14.3% 18.3% 3.6k 5.9k
Arts and Humanities #41 #47 11.2% 14.1% 2.4k 2.2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #29 #32 10.8% 11.6% 4.2k 7.4k
Business, Management and Accounting #35 #28 14.6% 20.2% 2.6k 4k
Chemical Engineering #31 #18 9.7% 13.7% 225 947
Chemistry #32 #15 10.3% 16.4% 1k 4.5k
Computer Science #33 #26 12.0% 19.3% 8k 14k
Decision Sciences #36 #28 12.8% 17.4% 1.1k 1.8k
Dentistry #35 #24 14.5% 11.6% 444 3.4k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #42 #24 10.4% 15.3% 1.7k 1.4k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #35 #39 13.2% 15.7% 2.4k 2.3k
Energy #39 #20 10.9% 13.0% 776 3k
Engineering #34 #24 11.0% 16.2% 12k 26k
Environmental Science #35 #30 10.3% 16.5% 5.1k 6k
Health Professions #34 #30 13.4% 15.0% 1.8k 4.2k
Immunology and Microbiology #35 #39 11.6% 10.4% 916 1.4k
Materials Science #38 #20 8.2% 14.6% 1.8k 9.8k
Mathematics #37 #27 10.0% 16.6% 955 4.7k
Medicine #32 #43 12.5% 9.4% 22k 33k
Neuroscience #31 #35 11.3% 13.4% 1.4k 2k
Nursing #37 #30 14.7% 13.1% 381 995
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #36 #22 12.2% 15.2% 203 1.2k
Physics and Astronomy #37 #39 8.7% 14.3% 1.9k 2.6k
Psychology #32 #34 12.6% 13.4% 3.1k 4.1k
Social Sciences #41 #52 11.8% 15.4% 7.5k 8.4k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Greece

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology4,737▲ 1.17×139 topics
  2. Machine Learning3,790◆ 1.12×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning3,640◆ 1.04×85 topics
  4. Climate Change3,422▲ 1.24×126 topics
  5. Sustainability2,897▲ 1.17×132 topics
  6. Inflammation2,616▲ 1.21×83 topics
  7. Cardiovascular Disease2,002▲ 1.73×39 topics
  8. Environmental Impact1,943◆ 1.12×72 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,768▲ 1.21×61 topics
  10. Oxidative Stress1,690◆ 1.01×63 topics
  11. Neural Networks1,668◆ 1.07×42 topics
  12. Quality of Life1,614◆ 1.10×61 topics
  13. Treatment1,589▲ 1.29×52 topics
  14. Remote Sensing1,569▲ 1.27×42 topics
  15. Risk Factors1,474▲ 1.32×37 topics
  16. Globalization1,385▼ 0.70×176 topics
  17. Big Data1,345▲ 1.39×37 topics
  18. Diagnosis1,336▲ 1.41×41 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence1,301◆ 0.90×67 topics
  20. Metabolic Syndrome1,276▲ 1.55×24 topics
  21. Energy Efficiency1,266▲ 1.35×44 topics
  22. Public Health1,236▼ 0.84×71 topics
  23. Healthcare1,220◆ 1.05×42 topics
  24. Mental Health1,218▼ 0.84×48 topics
  25. Cancer1,202◆ 0.88×59 topics
  26. Economic Growth1,166▲ 1.41×36 topics
  27. Internet of Things1,106▲ 1.27×33 topics
  28. Biodiversity1,083▲ 1.40×38 topics
  29. Obesity1,075▲ 1.38×29 topics
  30. Management1,039▲ 1.28×40 topics
  31. Genetics1,009▲ 1.41×27 topics
  32. Supply Chain Management1,004◆ 1.10×26 topics
  33. Depression980◆ 1.10×26 topics
  34. Health Effects942▲ 1.53×24 topics
  35. Chemotherapy940▲ 1.31×25 topics
  36. Mortality874▲ 1.52×13 topics
  37. Heart Failure807▲ 1.78×14 topics
  38. Invasive Species777▲ 1.81×21 topics
  39. Guidelines766▲ 1.60×13 topics
  40. Hypertension631▲ 2.1×16 topics

Saudi Arabia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning9,377▲ 1.57×97 topics
  2. Epidemiology8,606▲ 1.20×140 topics
  3. Deep Learning8,212▲ 1.33×85 topics
  4. Nanomaterials4,903▲ 2.6×21 topics
  5. Inflammation4,358◆ 1.14×83 topics
  6. Nanoparticles4,169▲ 1.85×44 topics
  7. Renewable Energy3,548▲ 1.37×61 topics
  8. Healthcare3,546▲ 1.73×38 topics
  9. Oxidative Stress3,515▲ 1.19×63 topics
  10. Quality of Life3,402▲ 1.31×58 topics
  11. Environmental Impact3,365◆ 1.10×72 topics
  12. Heat Transfer3,190▲ 3.6×20 topics
  13. Biomedical Applications3,145▲ 1.48×36 topics
  14. COVID-192,875▲ 1.23×33 topics
  15. Graphene2,614▲ 2.2×12 topics
  16. Nanocomposites2,530▲ 1.79×22 topics
  17. Supply Chain Management2,398▲ 1.49×26 topics
  18. Antioxidant2,358▲ 1.92×51 topics
  19. Synthesis1,863▲ 2.8×37 topics
  20. Toxicity1,816▲ 2.3×20 topics
  21. Nanostructures1,774▲ 2.4×17 topics
  22. IoT Security1,724▲ 3.1×3 topics
  23. Smart Cities1,649▲ 3.5×8 topics
  24. Water Splitting1,646▲ 2.5×4 topics
  25. Experimental Investigation1,634▲ 8.8×5 topics
  26. Nonlinear Equations1,616▲ 7.0×6 topics
  27. Applications1,601▲ 3.3×8 topics
  28. Solar Energy1,585▲ 2.8×5 topics
  29. Antimicrobial1,475▲ 2.9×14 topics
  30. Green Synthesis1,351▲ 4.0×5 topics
  31. Thermal Conductivity1,290▲ 4.5×8 topics
  32. Nanofluids1,272▲ 8.6×2 topics
  33. Review1,231▲ 5.7×5 topics
  34. Viscosity1,059▲ 8.3×4 topics
  35. Convective Transport1,015▲ 12×1 topic
  36. Enhancement1,015▲ 12×1 topic
  37. Fractional Calculus1,005▲ 9.9×2 topics
  38. Anomalous Diffusion942▲ 9.4×2 topics
  39. Homotopy Analysis Method910▲ 11×1 topic
  40. Random Walk910▲ 11×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Saudi Arabia has out-published Greece every year since 2019, when it overtook it.

still counting20k40k60kSaudi Arabia45k in 2025Greece24k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.50%1.0%Saudi Arabia0.76% in 2025Greece0.40% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Saudi Arabia15.0% in 2025Greece13.0% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Greece 22 level1 Saudi Arabia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5001
  4. 4In the top 1,0002
  5. #32Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#34

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Greece or Saudi Arabia?

Saudi Arabia publishes 1.8× as much research as Greece in 2022-now (156k against 88k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Greece or Saudi Arabia?

14.4% of Saudi Arabia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 11.8% for Greece.

Is Greece or Saudi Arabia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +72% against 2018-21 for Saudi Arabia, and +18% for Greece.

Which has more open access research, Greece or Saudi Arabia?

57% of Saudi Arabia's research is free to read, against 42% of Greece's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Greece or Saudi Arabia?

Greece holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Saudi Arabia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 4 against 2.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Greece

  1. 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens13.0% top 10% · 11k works
  2. 2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki11.4% top 10% · 10k works
  3. 3University of Crete12.1% top 10% · 2.5k works
  4. 4Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas11.8% top 10% · 1.7k works
  5. 5University of Patras12.7% top 10% · 5.6k works
  6. 6University of the Aegean11.7% top 10% · 1.9k works

Saudi Arabia

  1. 1King Abdullah University of Science and Technology17.4% top 10% · 5.7k works
  2. 2King Abdulaziz University13.8% top 10% · 11k works
  3. 3University of Business and Technology22.6% top 10% · 2k works
  4. 4King Saud University14.1% top 10% · 20k works
  5. 5Ministry of Education19.1% top 10% · 655 works
  6. 6King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals16.9% top 10% · 7.2k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Greece

  1. 1 Gerasimos S Filippatos #1,382 worldwide 184k citations · 1,157 works
  2. 2 George V. Dedoussis #2,273 worldwide 40k citations · 83 works
  3. 3 Stamatios Papadakis #2,795 worldwide 10k citations · 195 works
  4. 4 Emmanuel N. Saridakis #4,461 worldwide 21k citations · 379 works
  5. 5 Evangelos Evangelou #7,975 worldwide 37k citations · 351 works

Saudi Arabia

  1. 1 Xuping Sun #352 worldwide 82k citations · 678 works
  2. 2 Arunodaya Raj Mishra #507 worldwide 9.8k citations · 215 works
  3. 3 Osman M. Bakr #703 worldwide 62k citations · 539 works
  4. 4 Mohamed Eddaoudi #1,507 worldwide 97k citations · 772 works
  5. 5 Pratibha Rani #1,724 worldwide 8.6k citations · 204 works

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