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Estonia vs Uganda

On research quality in 2022-now, Estonia ranks #44 in the world and Uganda #47, of 189 countries. Estonia stands higher in 12 of the 17 fields both publish in, Uganda in 5.

Research profiles alike: 0.00different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Estonia

World rank, 2022-now
#44
#52 all time
Works, 2022-now
11k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Paleontology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Oceanography.

Uganda

World rank, 2022-now
#47
#49 all time
Works, 2022-now
13k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
71%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Virology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Infectious Diseases.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Uganda leads on 5 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, output, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Estonia leads on 3 of 9 measures: research quality, top-10% rate and citations per work. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Estonia 31 level5 Uganda
  1. #44Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#47
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.05×
  3. 11kOutputfractional works, 2022-now13k
  4. 10.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.5%
  5. 15.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work14.5
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time71%
  8. 31%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time41%
  9. +7%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+75%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Estonia stands higher in 12 of 17 fields, Uganda in 5. Estonia leads most in Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (#35 against #58); Uganda leads most in Health Professions (#35 against #52). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Estonia 125 Uganda
  1. #42Agricultural and Biological Sciences#46
  2. #36Arts and Humanities-
  3. #35Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#58
  4. #54Business, Management and Accounting#52
  5. #41Computer Science#66
  6. #45Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  7. #51Economics, Econometrics and Finance#58
  8. #47Engineering#63
  9. #51Environmental Science#64
  10. #52Health Professions#35
  11. -Immunology and Microbiology#31
  12. #52Materials Science-
  13. #41Medicine#35
  14. -Nursing#33
  15. #47Physics and Astronomy-
  16. #37Psychology#49
  17. #46Social Sciences#54

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Estonia rankUganda rank Estonia top 10%Uganda top 10% Estonia worksUganda works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #42 #46 12.5% 10.4% 664 1k
Arts and Humanities #36 - 12.8% - 697 -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #35 #58 10.6% 9.6% 542 384
Business, Management and Accounting #54 #52 13.1% 7.9% 382 793
Computer Science #41 #66 10.5% 9.8% 1k 458
Earth and Planetary Sciences #45 - 8.4% - 278 -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #51 #58 12.2% 6.4% 226 502
Engineering #47 #63 9.5% 11.9% 1.6k 529
Environmental Science #51 #64 10.1% 7.4% 751 779
Health Professions #52 #35 9.0% 11.5% 272 683
Immunology and Microbiology - #31 - 12.1% - 293
Materials Science #52 - 4.9% - 281 -
Medicine #41 #35 10.4% 10.5% 1.1k 3.7k
Nursing - #33 - 9.3% - 222
Physics and Astronomy #47 - 11.9% - 307 -
Psychology #37 #49 8.5% 8.7% 564 477
Social Sciences #46 #54 13.4% 8.0% 1.9k 2.1k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Estonia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change634▲ 1.77×116 topics
  2. Machine Learning470◆ 1.07×89 topics
  3. Sustainability396▲ 1.23×118 topics
  4. Globalization383▲ 1.48×145 topics
  5. Deep Learning323▼ 0.71×81 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence237▲ 1.26×59 topics
  7. Environmental Impact236◆ 1.05×68 topics
  8. Renewable Energy227▲ 1.19×53 topics
  9. Big Data222▲ 1.76×31 topics
  10. Social Media219▲ 1.20×36 topics
  11. Education216◆ 0.96×120 topics
  12. Biodiversity210▲ 2.1×35 topics
  13. Public Health193◆ 1.00×63 topics
  14. Identity188▲ 1.97×67 topics
  15. Ethics174▲ 2.6×53 topics
  16. Invasive Species168▲ 3.0×21 topics
  17. Internet of Things149▲ 1.32×24 topics
  18. Security146▲ 1.65×27 topics
  19. Power Electronics145▲ 3.4×8 topics
  20. Ecosystem Functioning138▲ 5.1×7 topics
  21. Renewable Energy Integration135▲ 3.1×6 topics
  22. Religion129▲ 2.1×41 topics
  23. Conservation128▲ 2.3×24 topics
  24. European Union124▲ 4.2×26 topics
  25. International Relations123▲ 3.9×26 topics
  26. Governance114▲ 2.6×19 topics
  27. Migration113▲ 2.5×28 topics
  28. Global Change104▲ 3.0×7 topics
  29. Corpus Linguistics98▲ 3.5×5 topics
  30. Trust97▲ 2.7×11 topics
  31. Model Predictive Control96▲ 2.9×6 topics
  32. Habitat Fragmentation90▲ 3.1×5 topics
  33. European Integration87▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Ecosystem Resilience79▲ 3.9×5 topics
  35. Soviet Union77▲ 11×3 topics
  36. Accountability76▲ 4.6×4 topics
  37. Folklore74▲ 11×3 topics
  38. Literary Analysis73▲ 28×2 topics
  39. Diplomacy70▲ 5.7×8 topics
  40. Eastern Europe62▲ 9.0×3 topics

Uganda

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology1,464▲ 2.4×135 topics
  2. Sustainability576▲ 1.52×105 topics
  3. Climate Change570▲ 1.35×104 topics
  4. Antiretroviral Therapy528▲ 21×6 topics
  5. Public Health472▲ 2.1×63 topics
  6. Globalization448▲ 1.47×113 topics
  7. Maternal Mortality443▲ 13×5 topics
  8. Vaccine430▲ 6.9×11 topics
  9. Immune Response417▲ 4.7×23 topics
  10. Risk Factors396▲ 2.3×37 topics
  11. Mental Health380▲ 1.71×45 topics
  12. Community Health Workers376▲ 27×2 topics
  13. Health Inequalities348▲ 18×5 topics
  14. Global Burden341▲ 4.0×12 topics
  15. Socio-economic Factors339▲ 20×3 topics
  16. Child Mortality336▲ 30×1 topic
  17. Health Systems336▲ 30×1 topic
  18. Diagnosis323▲ 2.2×40 topics
  19. Mortality Rates307▲ 21×2 topics
  20. Drug Resistance293▲ 6.5×9 topics
  21. HIV Transmission287▲ 24×2 topics
  22. Social Capital277▲ 3.4×19 topics
  23. Viral Load273▲ 23×2 topics
  24. Genetic Diversity272▲ 4.0×21 topics
  25. Poverty Reduction271▲ 13×6 topics
  26. Child Development268▲ 4.2×8 topics
  27. Pathogenesis263▲ 3.3×24 topics
  28. Preexposure Prophylaxis259▲ 34×1 topic
  29. Stigma and Discrimination259▲ 34×1 topic
  30. Vaccine Development259▲ 6.5×11 topics
  31. Global Burden of Disease229▲ 6.0×4 topics
  32. Smallholder Farmers196▲ 6.0×6 topics
  33. HIV Infection194▲ 12×4 topics
  34. Gender Inequality191▲ 8.9×6 topics
  35. Maternal and Child Undernutrition189▲ 15×1 topic
  36. Water Sanitation Hygiene189▲ 15×1 topic
  37. HIV Prevention179▲ 20×2 topics
  38. Global Health174▲ 7.2×8 topics
  39. HIV173▲ 13×4 topics
  40. Adolescent Health170▲ 13×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Uganda has out-published Estonia every year since 2023, when it overtook it.

still counting2k4k6kUganda4,088 in 2025Estonia3,047 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.025%0.050%0.075%Uganda0.069% in 2025Estonia0.052% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Estonia10.7% in 2025Uganda9.8% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Estonia 14 level0 Uganda
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0001
  5. #41Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#44

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Estonia or Uganda?

Uganda publishes 1.1× as much research as Estonia in 2022-now (13k against 11k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Estonia or Uganda?

10.9% of Estonia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 9.5% for Uganda.

Is Estonia or Uganda growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +75% against 2018-21 for Uganda, and +7% for Estonia.

Which has more open access research, Estonia or Uganda?

71% of Uganda's research is free to read, against 47% of Estonia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Estonia or Uganda?

Estonia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Uganda 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Estonia

  1. 1University of Tartu11.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  2. 2Tallinn University of Technology10.7% top 10% · 2.6k works
  3. 3Praxis6.3% top 10% · 986 works
  4. 4Tallinn University12.0% top 10% · 1.1k works
  5. 5Estonian University of Life Sciences11.5% top 10% · 562 works
  6. 6National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics16.0% top 10% · 170 works

Uganda

  1. 1Makerere University9.6% top 10% · 3.7k works
  2. 2Kampala International University12.9% top 10% · 1.4k works
  3. 3Mbarara University of Science and Technology9.8% top 10% · 741 works
  4. 4Kyambogo University6.5% top 10% · 574 works
  5. 5Gulu University9.0% top 10% · 426 works
  6. 6Kabale University8.8% top 10% · 337 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Estonia

  1. 1 Tõnu Esko #672 worldwide 156k citations · 825 works
  2. 2 Leho Tedersoo #1,145 worldwide 66k citations · 375 works
  3. 3 Lili A. Milani #1,515 worldwide 75k citations · 479 works
  4. 4 Reedik Mägi #1,607 worldwide 91k citations · 582 works
  5. 5 Andres Metspalu #2,577 worldwide 134k citations · 841 works

Uganda

  1. 1 Mahadih Kyambade #22,796 worldwide 818 citations · 67 works
  2. 2 Afulah Namatovu #24,940 worldwide 658 citations · 49 works
  3. 3 Adoke Yeka #39,181 worldwide 5.6k citations · 116 works
  4. 4 Jimmy Opigo #56,186 worldwide 2.3k citations · 144 works
  5. 5 Moses Robert Kamya #68,808 worldwide 28k citations · 864 works