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Iraq vs Libya

On research quality in 2022-now, Iraq ranks #187 in the world and Libya #188, of 189 countries. Iraq stands higher in 24 of the 26 fields both publish in, Libya in 2.

Research profiles alike: 0.85very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Iraq

World rank, 2022-now
#187
#177 all time
Works, 2022-now
117k
fractional
Top-10% rate
4.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
78%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Drug Discovery, Numerical Analysis, Algebra and Number Theory.

Libya

World rank, 2022-now
#188
#201 all time
Works, 2022-now
6.9k
fractional
Top-10% rate
3.6%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
70%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Dentistry, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Drug Discovery.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Iraq leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, open access and growth. Libya leads on 2 of 9 measures: citations per work and international co-authorship. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Iraq 61 level2 Libya
  1. #187Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#188
  2. 0.43×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.35×
  3. 117kOutputfractional works, 2022-now6.9k
  4. 4.7%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited3.6%
  5. 5.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work5.5
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 78%Open accessof its works free to read, all time70%
  8. 15%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time27%
  9. +87%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+79%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Iraq stands higher in 24 of 26 fields, Libya in 2. Iraq leads most in Engineering (#106 against #125); Libya leads most in Dentistry (#61 against #62). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Iraq 242 Libya
  1. #122Agricultural and Biological Sciences#123
  2. #103Arts and Humanities-
  3. #103Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#104
  4. #108Business, Management and Accounting-
  5. #43Chemical Engineering-
  6. #68Chemistry-
  7. #125Computer Science#126
  8. #76Decision Sciences-
  9. #62Dentistry#61
  10. #78Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  11. #107Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  12. #67Energy-
  13. #106Engineering#125
  14. #120Environmental Science#121
  15. #105Health Professions-
  16. #71Immunology and Microbiology-
  17. #83Materials Science-
  18. #80Mathematics-
  19. #150Medicine#152
  20. #71Neuroscience-
  21. #64Nursing-
  22. #44Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #75Physics and Astronomy-
  24. #106Psychology-
  25. #148Social Sciences#147
  26. #30Veterinary-

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Iraq rankLibya rank Iraq top 10%Libya top 10% Iraq worksLibya works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #122 #123 3.1% 2.9% 8.3k 477
Arts and Humanities #103 - 5.7% - 3.3k -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #103 #104 3.0% 2.3% 5.5k 277
Business, Management and Accounting #108 - 5.7% - 2.8k -
Chemical Engineering #43 - 5.7% - 348 -
Chemistry #68 - 6.4% - 3.2k -
Computer Science #125 #126 6.5% 3.4% 11k 549
Decision Sciences #76 - 6.2% - 1.3k -
Dentistry #62 #61 2.8% 1.1% 1.6k 208
Earth and Planetary Sciences #78 - 3.6% - 1.2k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #107 - 3.6% - 1.6k -
Energy #67 - 7.8% - 1.5k -
Engineering #106 #125 5.7% 3.9% 22k 1.1k
Environmental Science #120 #121 4.6% 3.8% 5.7k 329
Health Professions #105 - 5.1% - 2.8k -
Immunology and Microbiology #71 - 1.5% - 1.7k -
Materials Science #83 - 7.3% - 5.2k -
Mathematics #80 - 6.0% - 2.3k -
Medicine #150 #152 2.9% 2.3% 18k 1.6k
Neuroscience #71 - 5.6% - 1.1k -
Nursing #64 - 2.2% - 826 -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #44 - 4.6% - 861 -
Physics and Astronomy #75 - 5.7% - 1.3k -
Psychology #106 - 3.3% - 2.3k -
Social Sciences #148 #147 4.0% 6.5% 10k 640
Veterinary #30 - 1.4% - 210 -

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Iraq

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning6,208▲ 1.43×97 topics
  2. Deep Learning6,012▲ 1.33×85 topics
  3. Epidemiology5,468◆ 1.05×137 topics
  4. Inflammation3,503▲ 1.26×83 topics
  5. Nanoparticles3,313▲ 2.0×44 topics
  6. Environmental Impact3,295▲ 1.48×73 topics
  7. Oxidative Stress2,705▲ 1.26×63 topics
  8. Nanomaterials2,429▲ 1.78×21 topics
  9. Renewable Energy2,256▲ 1.19×61 topics
  10. Antioxidant2,179▲ 2.4×51 topics
  11. Remote Sensing2,135▲ 1.34×40 topics
  12. Mechanical Properties2,134▲ 1.67×39 topics
  13. Culture2,006▲ 2.9×40 topics
  14. Literature2,004▲ 2.8×60 topics
  15. History1,885▲ 2.1×57 topics
  16. Philosophy1,819▲ 3.1×41 topics
  17. Islam1,756▲ 6.5×5 topics
  18. Ethnicity1,752▲ 3.6×23 topics
  19. Toxicity1,738▲ 3.1×20 topics
  20. Synthesis1,692▲ 3.5×36 topics
  21. Social Influence1,656▲ 6.0×3 topics
  22. Antioxidant Activity1,634▲ 2.0×32 topics
  23. Science1,632▲ 5.1×10 topics
  24. Sharia Law1,610▲ 8.6×2 topics
  25. Malay Language1,609▲ 8.8×1 topic
  26. Heat Transfer1,598▲ 2.5×20 topics
  27. Artificial Neural Networks1,524▲ 2.6×10 topics
  28. Economic Security1,374▲ 5.0×7 topics
  29. Legal Regulation1,348▲ 4.6×8 topics
  30. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles1,328▲ 5.4×5 topics
  31. Strategic Planning1,280▲ 6.7×5 topics
  32. Design1,279▲ 6.0×6 topics
  33. Modernization1,265▲ 5.3×5 topics
  34. International Trade Law1,254▲ 7.3×2 topics
  35. Foresight1,252▲ 7.3×2 topics
  36. Public Oversight1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  37. Transport Policy1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  38. Air Force1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  39. Warfare1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  40. Recycled Materials923▲ 6.3×2 topics

Libya

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology484▲ 1.44×134 topics
  2. Machine Learning381▲ 1.35×92 topics
  3. Deep Learning291◆ 1.00×77 topics
  4. Inflammation220▲ 1.23×83 topics
  5. Renewable Energy207▲ 1.69×49 topics
  6. Environmental Impact185▲ 1.28×57 topics
  7. Oxidative Stress171▲ 1.23×60 topics
  8. Cardiovascular Disease162▲ 1.68×38 topics
  9. COVID-19158▲ 1.43×30 topics
  10. Quality of Life157▲ 1.29×49 topics
  11. Antioxidant145▲ 2.5×50 topics
  12. Antioxidant Activity143▲ 2.7×32 topics
  13. Metabolic Syndrome126▲ 1.84×23 topics
  14. Culture109▲ 2.5×11 topics
  15. Literature108▲ 2.3×16 topics
  16. Islam103▲ 5.9×5 topics
  17. Diabetes103▲ 2.4×21 topics
  18. Ethnicity103▲ 3.3×8 topics
  19. Philosophy101▲ 2.7×8 topics
  20. Medicinal Plants101▲ 3.1×19 topics
  21. Science100▲ 4.8×5 topics
  22. Social Influence99▲ 5.6×3 topics
  23. Sharia Law98▲ 8.1×2 topics
  24. Malay Language98▲ 8.2×1 topic
  25. Prevention94▲ 2.6×16 topics
  26. Language Teaching93▲ 4.1×8 topics
  27. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles88▲ 5.5×4 topics
  28. Legal Regulation87▲ 4.6×8 topics
  29. Design86▲ 6.2×5 topics
  30. Strategic Planning86▲ 6.9×3 topics
  31. Economic Security85▲ 4.8×5 topics
  32. Modernization83▲ 5.4×2 topics
  33. Public Oversight83▲ 8.0×1 topic
  34. Transport Policy83▲ 8.0×1 topic
  35. Foresight82▲ 7.5×2 topics
  36. Air Force82▲ 8.2×1 topic
  37. Warfare82▲ 8.2×1 topic
  38. Infection Control55▲ 7.8×2 topics
  39. Corrective Feedback55▲ 8.7×1 topic
  40. L2 Motivation55▲ 8.7×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Iraq has out-published Libya every year since 1980.

still counting20k40kIraq31k in 2025Libya2,616 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Iraq0.52% in 2025Libya0.044% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%Iraq5.1% in 2025Libya3.3% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Iraq 05 level0 Libya
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Iraq or Libya?

Iraq publishes 16.9× as much research as Libya in 2022-now (117k against 6.9k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Iraq or Libya?

4.7% of Iraq's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 3.6% for Libya.

Is Iraq or Libya growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +87% against 2018-21 for Iraq, and +79% for Libya.

Which has more open access research, Iraq or Libya?

78% of Iraq's research is free to read, against 70% of Libya's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Iraq or Libya?

Iraq holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Libya 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Iraq

  1. 1University of Raparin11.5% top 10% · 638 works
  2. 2Koya University6.8% top 10% · 879 works
  3. 3University of Technology - Iraq6.5% top 10% · 4.7k works
  4. 4Tishk International University11.6% top 10% · 1k works
  5. 5Duhok Polytechnic University10.3% top 10% · 627 works
  6. 6Kurdistan Regional Government8.8% top 10% · 960 works

Libya

  1. 1Al Zawiya University5.6% top 10% · 616 works
  2. 2Misurata University3.6% top 10% · 557 works
  3. 3University Elmergib4.1% top 10% · 366 works
  4. 4Libyan Academy5.6% top 10% · 359 works
  5. 5Omar Al-Mukhtar University2.9% top 10% · 625 works
  6. 6Sebha University3.9% top 10% · 458 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Iraq

  1. 1 Aso Mohammad Darwesh #14,894 worldwide 51k citations · 121 works
  2. 2 Ahmed Omar Bali #18,851 worldwide 46k citations · 89 works
  3. 3 Mokhtar Mohammadi #20,512 worldwide 15k citations · 151 works
  4. 4 Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed #24,716 worldwide 7.1k citations · 192 works
  5. 5 Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem #24,839 worldwide 6.4k citations · 111 works

Libya

  1. 1 Muhammed Elhadi #5,131 worldwide 74k citations · 402 works
  2. 2 Ali Meftah Gerged #84,887 worldwide 3.5k citations · 89 works
  3. 3 Ibrahim Ahmed Badi #145,525 worldwide 2.3k citations · 100 works
  4. 4 Yasser Fathi Nassar #226,826 worldwide 4.4k citations · 136 works
  5. 5 Rabia Emhamed Al Mamlook #245,678 worldwide 2.3k citations · 88 works