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Latvia vs Pakistan

On research quality in 2022-now, Latvia ranks #71 in the world and Pakistan #72, of 189 countries. Latvia stands higher in 4 of the 25 fields both publish in, Pakistan in 21.

Research profiles alike: 0.23somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Latvia

World rank, 2022-now
#71
#97 all time
Works, 2022-now
13k
fractional
Top-10% rate
6.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
57%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Energy, Political Science and International Relations, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance.

Pakistan

World rank, 2022-now
#72
#63 all time
Works, 2022-now
170k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
61%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Dentistry, Drug Discovery, Modeling and Simulation.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Pakistan leads on 7 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Latvia leads on 1 of 9 measures: research quality. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Latvia 11 level7 Pakistan
  1. #71Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#72
  2. 0.66×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
  3. 13kOutputfractional works, 2022-now170k
  4. 6.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited8.5%
  5. 9.4Citations per workall time, per fractional work12.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 57%Open accessof its works free to read, all time61%
  8. 30%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time33%
  9. +3%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+50%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Latvia stands higher in 4 of 25 fields, Pakistan in 21. Pakistan leads most in Environmental Science (#50 against #90); Latvia leads most in Medicine (#71 against #100). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Latvia 421 Pakistan
  1. #75Agricultural and Biological Sciences#58
  2. #61Arts and Humanities#78
  3. #71Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#65
  4. #65Business, Management and Accounting#64
  5. -Chemical Engineering#36
  6. -Chemistry#40
  7. #68Computer Science#49
  8. -Decision Sciences#46
  9. -Dentistry#54
  10. -Earth and Planetary Sciences#54
  11. #72Economics, Econometrics and Finance#63
  12. -Energy#38
  13. #68Engineering#49
  14. #90Environmental Science#50
  15. #77Health Professions#67
  16. -Immunology and Microbiology#62
  17. #61Materials Science#42
  18. -Mathematics#42
  19. #71Medicine#100
  20. -Neuroscience#63
  21. -Nursing#60
  22. -Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#38
  23. -Physics and Astronomy#48
  24. #72Psychology#83
  25. #81Social Sciences#96

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Latvia rankPakistan rank Latvia top 10%Pakistan top 10% Latvia worksPakistan works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #75 #58 7.0% 10.5% 829 12k
Arts and Humanities #61 #78 8.9% 7.2% 458 3.5k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #71 #65 5.3% 6.6% 487 7.7k
Business, Management and Accounting #65 #64 8.1% 10.6% 924 6.8k
Chemical Engineering - #36 - 14.5% - 472
Chemistry - #40 - 13.5% - 2.7k
Computer Science #68 #49 6.9% 13.3% 828 11k
Decision Sciences - #46 - 13.2% - 2.1k
Dentistry - #54 - 4.1% - 1.6k
Earth and Planetary Sciences - #54 - 12.5% - 1k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #72 #63 7.6% 8.9% 626 5k
Energy - #38 - 11.2% - 2k
Engineering #68 #49 5.4% 12.6% 1.9k 18k
Environmental Science #90 #50 5.3% 10.5% 863 6.9k
Health Professions #77 #67 9.1% 7.0% 265 4.2k
Immunology and Microbiology - #62 - 5.5% - 1.5k
Materials Science #61 #42 4.8% 10.8% 451 6.4k
Mathematics - #42 - 17.8% - 2.7k
Medicine #71 #100 7.8% 4.2% 1.4k 41k
Neuroscience - #63 - 7.2% - 1.6k
Nursing - #60 - 6.8% - 1.4k
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - #38 - 8.2% - 1.1k
Physics and Astronomy - #48 - 14.1% - 2.7k
Psychology #72 #83 6.2% 4.8% 393 6.6k
Social Sciences #81 #96 7.7% 6.8% 2.4k 19k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Latvia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainability717▲ 2.0×112 topics
  2. Sustainable Development539▲ 2.3×96 topics
  3. Climate Change538▲ 1.35×116 topics
  4. Human Rights509▲ 3.4×76 topics
  5. Globalization452▲ 1.56×140 topics
  6. Renewable Energy451▲ 2.1×56 topics
  7. Environmental Impact389▲ 1.55×69 topics
  8. Artificial Intelligence388▲ 1.85×60 topics
  9. Machine Learning385▼ 0.79×87 topics
  10. Innovation379▲ 2.5×75 topics
  11. Epidemiology361▼ 0.62×133 topics
  12. Energy Efficiency304▲ 2.2×43 topics
  13. Economic Development288▲ 2.5×46 topics
  14. Education281◆ 1.11×120 topics
  15. Supply Chain Management260▲ 1.97×24 topics
  16. Environmental Management254▲ 4.2×19 topics
  17. Economic Growth238▲ 1.99×33 topics
  18. Big Data228▲ 1.62×31 topics
  19. International Law208▲ 4.5×31 topics
  20. Corporate Governance206▲ 1.90×28 topics
  21. Social Capital203▲ 2.7×18 topics
  22. European Union198▲ 6.0×25 topics
  23. International Relations187▲ 5.2×25 topics
  24. Digital Transformation182▲ 2.3×28 topics
  25. Entrepreneurship176▲ 3.0×21 topics
  26. European Integration149▲ 18×5 topics
  27. Legal Regulation137▲ 4.2×8 topics
  28. Global Governance136▲ 3.9×25 topics
  29. Criminal Justice135▲ 4.1×8 topics
  30. Soviet Union129▲ 16×3 topics
  31. Diplomacy127▲ 9.3×7 topics
  32. Life Cycle Assessment122▲ 3.0×8 topics
  33. Eastern Europe118▲ 15×3 topics
  34. Cold War118▲ 13×5 topics
  35. Cultural Integration114▲ 3.6×3 topics
  36. Postcolonial Theory108▲ 28×3 topics
  37. Australia106▲ 45×1 topic
  38. Resource Efficiency100▲ 5.0×3 topics
  39. Financial Security98▲ 6.3×3 topics
  40. Environmental Protection93▲ 13×10 topics

Pakistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology11k▲ 1.46×140 topics
  2. Machine Learning7,392▲ 1.16×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning6,265◆ 0.95×85 topics
  4. Inflammation4,657◆ 1.15×83 topics
  5. Globalization4,341◆ 1.15×168 topics
  6. Oxidative Stress4,170▲ 1.33×63 topics
  7. Climate Change4,164▼ 0.80×123 topics
  8. Mental Health4,103▲ 1.50×48 topics
  9. Environmental Impact3,677◆ 1.13×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life3,491▲ 1.26×60 topics
  11. COVID-193,438▲ 1.38×34 topics
  12. Nanomaterials3,401▲ 1.70×21 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease3,262▲ 1.50×39 topics
  14. Renewable Energy3,241▲ 1.17×58 topics
  15. Treatment3,225▲ 1.39×52 topics
  16. Security3,087▲ 2.4×31 topics
  17. Heat Transfer3,071▲ 3.3×20 topics
  18. Nanoparticles3,028▲ 1.26×44 topics
  19. Social Media3,003◆ 1.14×39 topics
  20. Risk Factors2,945▲ 1.40×37 topics
  21. Depression2,907▲ 1.73×26 topics
  22. Healthcare2,846▲ 1.31×42 topics
  23. Metabolic Syndrome2,569▲ 1.66×24 topics
  24. Antioxidant2,432▲ 1.85×51 topics
  25. Conflict2,333▲ 7.5×11 topics
  26. Toxicity2,031▲ 2.4×20 topics
  27. Leadership1,955▲ 2.1×41 topics
  28. Stress1,951▲ 2.8×11 topics
  29. Reconstruction1,805▲ 5.5×6 topics
  30. Experimental Investigation1,729▲ 8.7×5 topics
  31. Central Asia1,609▲ 12×4 topics
  32. Nation-Building1,573▲ 15×4 topics
  33. State-Building1,569▲ 23×2 topics
  34. Afghanistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  35. Pakistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  36. Review1,287▲ 5.6×5 topics
  37. Viscosity1,162▲ 8.6×4 topics
  38. Nanofluids1,154▲ 7.3×2 topics
  39. Convective Transport1,106▲ 13×1 topic
  40. Enhancement1,106▲ 13×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Pakistan has out-published Latvia every year since 1980.

still counting20k40k60kPakistan50k in 2025Latvia3,318 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.50%1.0%Pakistan0.86% in 2025Latvia0.056% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%Latvia8.0% in 2025Pakistan7.4% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Latvia 05 level0 Pakistan
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Latvia or Pakistan?

Pakistan publishes 13.0× as much research as Latvia in 2022-now (170k against 13k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Latvia or Pakistan?

8.5% of Pakistan's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 6.8% for Latvia.

Is Latvia or Pakistan growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +50% against 2018-21 for Pakistan, and +3% for Latvia.

Which has more open access research, Latvia or Pakistan?

61% of Pakistan's research is free to read, against 57% of Latvia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Latvia or Pakistan?

Latvia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Pakistan 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Latvia

  1. 1Riga Technical University5.8% top 10% · 2.3k works
  2. 2University of Latvia6.1% top 10% · 2.9k works
  3. 3College of Business Administration14.5% top 10% · 444 works
  4. 4College of Law5.7% top 10% · 1k works
  5. 5Riga Stradiņš University9.9% top 10% · 1k works
  6. 6Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies3.9% top 10% · 844 works

Pakistan

  1. 1University of Management and Technology15.3% top 10% · 2k works
  2. 2COMSATS University Islamabad13.8% top 10% · 4.8k works
  3. 3University of Gujrat10.3% top 10% · 1.8k works
  4. 4Islamia University of Bahawalpur12.8% top 10% · 3.4k works
  5. 5National University of Sciences and Technology13.3% top 10% · 4.2k works
  6. 6Air University15.3% top 10% · 1.2k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Latvia

  1. 1 Andrejs Ērglis #117,746 worldwide 36k citations · 513 works
  2. 2 Kristaps Klavins #165,683 worldwide 3.6k citations · 104 works
  3. 3 Laima Tihomirova #186,734 worldwide 4.7k citations · 46 works
  4. 4 Liene Ņikitina-Zaķe #227,666 worldwide 18k citations · 108 works
  5. 5 Oskar Faix #233,046 worldwide 11k citations · 135 works

Pakistan

  1. 1 Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz #447 worldwide 62k citations · 849 works
  2. 2 Muhammad Faisal Irfan #968 worldwide 22k citations · 340 works
  3. 3 Asif Razzaq #2,269 worldwide 14k citations · 130 works
  4. 4 Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta #3,000 worldwide 371k citations · 1,872 works
  5. 5 Abdul Rehman Javed #4,600 worldwide 9.6k citations · 132 works