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Luxembourg vs Tajikistan

On research quality in 2022-now, Luxembourg ranks #35 in the world and Tajikistan #189, of 189 countries. Luxembourg stands higher in 12 of the 15 fields both publish in, Tajikistan in 3.

Research profiles alike: 0.55similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Tajikistan

World rank, 2022-now
#189
#203 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.1k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.3%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
44%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Development, Filtration and Separation, Fuel Technology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Luxembourg leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work and open access. Tajikistan leads on 2 of 9 measures: international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Luxembourg 61 level2 Tajikistan
  1. #35Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#189
  2. 1.21×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.35×
  3. 7.7kOutputfractional works, 2022-now7.1k
  4. 11.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.3%
  5. 10.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work5.4
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 55%Open accessof its works free to read, all time44%
  8. 29%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time73%
  9. -22%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+48%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Luxembourg stands higher in 12 of 15 fields, Tajikistan in 3. Luxembourg leads most in Engineering (#35 against #131). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Luxembourg 123 Tajikistan
  1. -Agricultural and Biological Sciences#124
  2. #44Arts and Humanities#100
  3. #39Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#105
  4. #45Business, Management and Accounting#110
  5. #35Computer Science#128
  6. -Earth and Planetary Sciences#75
  7. #37Economics, Econometrics and Finance#106
  8. #35Engineering#131
  9. #54Environmental Science#122
  10. #46Materials Science#86
  11. -Mathematics#77
  12. #38Medicine#149
  13. #32Physics and Astronomy#76
  14. #43Psychology-
  15. #44Social Sciences#141

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Luxembourg rankTajikistan rank Luxembourg top 10%Tajikistan top 10% Luxembourg worksTajikistan works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences - #124 - 8.6% - 301
Arts and Humanities #44 #100 11.2% 8.4% 356 428
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #39 #105 12.7% 6.9% 281 294
Business, Management and Accounting #45 #110 9.9% 6.9% 303 223
Computer Science #35 #128 12.6% 7.2% 1.1k 354
Earth and Planetary Sciences - #75 - 4.1% - 315
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #37 #106 11.9% 10.0% 333 291
Engineering #35 #131 13.3% 6.7% 1.3k 689
Environmental Science #54 #122 9.7% 8.2% 291 317
Materials Science #46 #86 9.6% 6.6% 222 204
Mathematics - #77 - 6.4% - 248
Medicine #38 #149 12.0% 5.7% 737 733
Physics and Astronomy #32 #76 14.4% 6.7% 204 273
Psychology #43 - 11.1% - 292 -
Social Sciences #44 #141 11.3% 8.2% 1.3k 1.8k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Tajikistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Globalization592▲ 3.7×123 topics
  2. Climate Change469▲ 2.1×104 topics
  3. Sustainable Development463▲ 3.6×85 topics
  4. Digital Transformation363▲ 8.3×24 topics
  5. Economic Development341▲ 5.3×45 topics
  6. Innovation332▲ 4.0×63 topics
  7. Artificial Intelligence313▲ 2.7×61 topics
  8. Social Media296▲ 2.6×34 topics
  9. Language273▲ 14×15 topics
  10. Regional Development264▲ 9.5×19 topics
  11. Digital Economy263▲ 16×18 topics
  12. Pedagogy235▲ 5.8×22 topics
  13. Ethnicity226▲ 7.5×21 topics
  14. Legal Regulation221▲ 12×8 topics
  15. Identity213▲ 3.6×62 topics
  16. Nationalism183▲ 5.0×30 topics
  17. Media181▲ 15×14 topics
  18. Linguistics174▲ 14×8 topics
  19. Migration173▲ 6.2×26 topics
  20. International Relations170▲ 8.7×23 topics
  21. Economic Security162▲ 9.4×7 topics
  22. Digital Education157▲ 13×6 topics
  23. Geopolitics157▲ 13×10 topics
  24. Educational Technologies156▲ 21×2 topics
  25. Language Teaching150▲ 7.0×8 topics
  26. Politics149▲ 7.0×21 topics
  27. Discourse Analysis147▲ 7.5×8 topics
  28. Youth140▲ 12×6 topics
  29. Phraseology139▲ 24×3 topics
  30. Teaching Methods138▲ 11×10 topics
  31. Tourism Development136▲ 12×2 topics
  32. Coronavirus135▲ 8.4×4 topics
  33. Arctic132▲ 15×4 topics
  34. Critical Thinking132▲ 14×4 topics
  35. Formative Assessment132▲ 19×2 topics
  36. Artistic Education131▲ 25×1 topic
  37. Student Competencies131▲ 25×1 topic
  38. Cultural Communication130▲ 47×1 topic
  39. Persuasion Strategies130▲ 47×1 topic
  40. Global Economy129▲ 12×6 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Luxembourg has out-published Tajikistan every year since 1992, when it overtook it.

still counting2k4kLuxembourg1,936 in 2025Tajikistan1,828 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.050%0.10%Luxembourg0.033% in 2025Tajikistan0.031% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Luxembourg12.1% in 2025Tajikistan7.5% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Luxembourg 32 level0 Tajikistan
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 1In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0000
  5. #38Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Luxembourg or Tajikistan?

Luxembourg publishes 1.1× as much research as Tajikistan in 2022-now (7.7k against 7.1k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Luxembourg or Tajikistan?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.3% for Tajikistan.

Is Luxembourg or Tajikistan growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +48% against 2018-21 for Tajikistan, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Luxembourg or Tajikistan?

55% of Luxembourg's research is free to read, against 44% of Tajikistan's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Luxembourg or Tajikistan?

Luxembourg holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Tajikistan 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

Tajikistan

  1. 1 Farukh S. Sharopov #487,438 worldwide 8.9k citations · 136 works
  2. 2 V. Minaev #491,403 worldwide 1.7k citations · 27 works
  3. 3 Ilhomjon Oimahmadov #548,681 worldwide 1.7k citations · 63 works
  4. 4 Mustafo Gadoev #561,339 worldwide 1.8k citations · 78 works
  5. 5 Anatoly Ischuk #798,321 worldwide 1.2k citations · 49 works

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