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Egypt vs India

On research quality in 2022-now, India ranks #18 in the world and Egypt #70, of 189 countries. Egypt stands higher in 0 of the 26 fields both publish in, India in 26.

Research profiles alike: 0.74very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Egypt

World rank, 2022-now
#70
#67 all time
Works, 2022-now
169k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.2%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
56%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Leadership and Management, Orthodontics, Oral Surgery.

India

World rank, 2022-now
#18
#20 all time
Works, 2022-now
1.4M
fractional
Top-10% rate
6.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
40%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical Science, Complementary and alternative medicine.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Egypt leads on 4 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, open access and international co-authorship. India leads on 3 of 9 measures: research quality, output and growth. The two are level on citations per work and institutions in the world top 100.

Egypt 42 level3 India
  1. #70Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#18
  2. 0.87×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.67×
  3. 169kOutputfractional works, 2022-now1.4M
  4. 9.2%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited6.5%
  5. 12.0Citations per workall time, per fractional work12.0
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 56%Open accessof its works free to read, all time40%
  8. 23%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time11%
  9. +20%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+48%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Egypt stands higher in 0 of 26 fields, India in 26. India leads most in Economics, Econometrics and Finance (#20 against #101). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Egypt 026 India
  1. #64Agricultural and Biological Sciences#17
  2. #90Arts and Humanities#23
  3. #46Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#21
  4. #88Business, Management and Accounting#18
  5. #33Chemical Engineering#6
  6. #39Chemistry#5
  7. #50Computer Science#19
  8. #60Decision Sciences#14
  9. #45Dentistry#27
  10. #46Earth and Planetary Sciences#23
  11. #101Economics, Econometrics and Finance#20
  12. #28Energy#15
  13. #39Engineering#15
  14. #55Environmental Science#18
  15. #81Health Professions#23
  16. #51Immunology and Microbiology#28
  17. #44Materials Science#14
  18. #50Mathematics#17
  19. #77Medicine#30
  20. #56Neuroscience#27
  21. #55Nursing#23
  22. #29Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#8
  23. #51Physics and Astronomy#19
  24. #87Psychology#35
  25. #126Social Sciences#36
  26. #26Veterinary#19

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Egypt rankIndia rank Egypt top 10%India top 10% Egypt worksIndia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #64 #17 10.3% 6.9% 16k 108k
Arts and Humanities #90 #23 7.2% 8.5% 2.9k 17k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #46 #21 8.7% 6.2% 11k 70k
Business, Management and Accounting #88 #18 11.3% 8.9% 2.7k 37k
Chemical Engineering #33 #6 10.2% 7.6% 522 5.8k
Chemistry #39 #5 16.9% 7.8% 5.2k 38k
Computer Science #50 #19 13.1% 6.5% 8.1k 167k
Decision Sciences #60 #14 10.8% 7.7% 1.2k 15k
Dentistry #45 #27 8.1% 4.1% 3.2k 15k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #46 #23 11.6% 7.0% 2k 14k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #101 #20 8.4% 7.3% 1.4k 22k
Energy #28 #15 14.3% 6.9% 2.2k 17k
Engineering #39 #15 11.9% 7.0% 24k 261k
Environmental Science #55 #18 10.7% 7.7% 7.3k 65k
Health Professions #81 #23 8.0% 6.8% 3.5k 29k
Immunology and Microbiology #51 #28 8.4% 5.7% 2.5k 10k
Materials Science #44 #14 12.3% 7.2% 7.7k 71k
Mathematics #50 #17 16.6% 9.0% 1.8k 17k
Medicine #77 #30 5.4% 4.8% 49k 254k
Neuroscience #56 #27 7.2% 5.9% 2.1k 19k
Nursing #55 #23 6.0% 6.6% 2k 8.5k
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #29 #8 13.0% 6.4% 1.7k 11k
Physics and Astronomy #51 #19 11.5% 6.2% 2k 26k
Psychology #87 #35 7.0% 5.2% 3.2k 26k
Social Sciences #126 #36 8.1% 7.2% 6.4k 61k
Veterinary #26 #19 10.6% 4.3% 386 1.6k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Egypt

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology10k▲ 1.41×140 topics
  2. Inflammation7,132▲ 1.82×83 topics
  3. Oxidative Stress5,746▲ 1.89×63 topics
  4. Machine Learning5,279▼ 0.86×97 topics
  5. Deep Learning4,737▼ 0.74×84 topics
  6. Quality of Life4,412▲ 1.65×60 topics
  7. Cancer4,272▲ 1.72×59 topics
  8. Antioxidant4,237▲ 3.3×51 topics
  9. Environmental Impact4,065▲ 1.29×74 topics
  10. Climate Change3,926▼ 0.78×125 topics
  11. Nanoparticles3,816▲ 1.64×44 topics
  12. Nanomaterials3,688▲ 1.91×21 topics
  13. Biomedical Applications3,465▲ 1.59×36 topics
  14. Treatment3,254▲ 1.45×52 topics
  15. Cardiovascular Disease3,010▲ 1.43×39 topics
  16. Renewable Energy2,916◆ 1.09×61 topics
  17. Antioxidant Activity2,817▲ 2.5×32 topics
  18. Metabolic Syndrome2,771▲ 1.85×24 topics
  19. Toxicity2,491▲ 3.1×20 topics
  20. Diagnosis2,379▲ 1.38×41 topics
  21. Nanocomposites2,364▲ 1.62×22 topics
  22. Antioxidants2,230▲ 2.7×17 topics
  23. Antimicrobial2,172▲ 4.2×14 topics
  24. Tissue Engineering2,123▲ 1.89×13 topics
  25. Clinical Trials2,115▲ 1.72×19 topics
  26. Diabetes2,108▲ 2.3×22 topics
  27. Insulin Resistance2,079▲ 2.5×10 topics
  28. Immune Response2,025▲ 1.93×23 topics
  29. Synthesis2,008▲ 2.9×37 topics
  30. Complications1,857▲ 2.0×17 topics
  31. Anti-inflammatory1,812▲ 3.5×29 topics
  32. Self-Efficacy1,717▲ 3.6×11 topics
  33. Gut Microbiota1,668▲ 2.6×7 topics
  34. Anticancer Agents1,605▲ 5.8×12 topics
  35. Medicinal Chemistry1,560▲ 3.1×13 topics
  36. Wound Healing1,529▲ 3.1×12 topics
  37. Bioactive Compounds1,505▲ 3.3×15 topics
  38. Green Synthesis1,336▲ 3.8×5 topics
  39. Antimicrobial Activity1,271▲ 4.2×9 topics
  40. Heterocyclic Compounds1,089▲ 7.0×6 topics

India

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Deep Learning122k▲ 2.2×85 topics
  2. Machine Learning110k▲ 2.0×97 topics
  3. Epidemiology62k◆ 0.97×140 topics
  4. Sustainability43k◆ 1.10×139 topics
  5. Climate Change40k◆ 0.92×132 topics
  6. Neural Networks37k▲ 1.50×42 topics
  7. Healthcare37k▲ 1.99×43 topics
  8. Nanoparticles34k▲ 1.68×44 topics
  9. Environmental Impact34k▲ 1.22×74 topics
  10. Internet of Things32k▲ 2.3×33 topics
  11. Artificial Intelligence29k▲ 1.28×67 topics
  12. Convolutional Neural Networks29k▲ 2.5×14 topics
  13. Biomedical Applications29k▲ 1.51×36 topics
  14. Nanomaterials29k▲ 1.71×21 topics
  15. Inflammation29k▼ 0.84×83 topics
  16. Security29k▲ 2.6×31 topics
  17. Oxidative Stress28k◆ 1.04×63 topics
  18. Renewable Energy27k▲ 1.18×61 topics
  19. Antioxidant24k▲ 2.2×51 topics
  20. COVID-1924k◆ 1.13×34 topics
  21. Mechanical Properties23k▲ 1.44×39 topics
  22. Data Mining22k▲ 1.88×25 topics
  23. Wireless Sensor Networks22k▲ 3.1×23 topics
  24. Energy Efficiency22k▲ 1.47×46 topics
  25. Big Data21k▲ 1.37×37 topics
  26. Medical Imaging19k▲ 2.2×9 topics
  27. Graphene19k▲ 1.74×12 topics
  28. Feature Extraction19k▲ 2.6×10 topics
  29. IoT18k▲ 3.0×19 topics
  30. Environmental Monitoring18k▲ 2.9×19 topics
  31. Image Processing18k▲ 2.5×14 topics
  32. IoT Security17k▲ 3.5×3 topics
  33. Classification17k▲ 2.3×13 topics
  34. Smart Cities14k▲ 3.4×8 topics
  35. Big Data Analytics13k▲ 3.9×5 topics
  36. Privacy13k▲ 2.8×11 topics
  37. Cybersecurity13k▲ 3.1×6 topics
  38. Feature Selection12k▲ 3.5×6 topics
  39. India11k▲ 9.1×4 topics
  40. Smart Farming10k▲ 5.5×2 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

India has out-published Egypt every year since 1980.

still counting200k400kIndia391k in 2025Egypt40k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting2.5%5.0%7.5%India6.7% in 2025Egypt0.68% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Egypt10.7% in 2025India6.6% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Egypt 02 level3 India
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5002
  4. 0In the top 1,00015
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#16

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Egypt or India?

India publishes 8.2× as much research as Egypt in 2022-now (1.4M against 169k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Egypt or India?

9.2% of Egypt's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 6.5% for India.

Is Egypt or India growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +48% against 2018-21 for India, and +20% for Egypt.

Which has more open access research, Egypt or India?

56% of Egypt's research is free to read, against 40% of India's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Egypt or India?

Egypt holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and India 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 15.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Egypt

  1. 1Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport12.5% top 10% · 1.5k works
  2. 2Higher Institute of Engineering13.7% top 10% · 1.4k works
  3. 3British University in Egypt10.1% top 10% · 1.4k works
  4. 4American University in Cairo10.6% top 10% · 1.5k works
  5. 5Kafrelsheikh University16.1% top 10% · 2.4k works
  6. 6Helwan University8.1% top 10% · 4.3k works

India

  1. 1Indian Institute of Science Bangalore7.1% top 10% · 8.1k works
  2. 2Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur9.3% top 10% · 10k works
  3. 3Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati7.3% top 10% · 7k works
  4. 4Indian Institute of Technology Bombay6.4% top 10% · 9.1k works
  5. 5Indian Institute of Technology Madras6.3% top 10% · 9.4k works
  6. 6Indian Institute of Technology Delhi8.4% top 10% · 11k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Egypt

  1. 1 Mohamed Abdel‐Basset #3,651 worldwide 17k citations · 391 works
  2. 2 Swellam Wafa Sharshir #4,091 worldwide 16k citations · 243 works
  3. 3 Foad Abd-Allah #8,448 worldwide 187k citations · 173 works
  4. 4 Ahmed I Hasaballah #8,671 worldwide 74k citations · 126 works
  5. 5 Ibrahim Saad Agwa #10,278 worldwide 5.2k citations · 89 works

India

  1. 1 Sanjit Mitra #61 worldwide 167k citations · 467 works
  2. 2 C. Mishra #208 worldwide 84k citations · 251 works
  3. 3 Sachin Kumar Mangla #416 worldwide 25k citations · 373 works
  4. 4 S. J. Kapadia #575 worldwide 52k citations · 233 works
  5. 5 P. Ajith #693 worldwide 82k citations · 285 works

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