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Egypt vs Iraq

On research quality in 2022-now, Egypt ranks #70 in the world and Iraq #187, of 189 countries. Egypt stands higher in 26 of the 26 fields both publish in, Iraq in 0.

Research profiles alike: 0.80very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Egypt

World rank, 2022-now
#70
#67 all time
Works, 2022-now
169k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.2%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
56%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Leadership and Management, Orthodontics, Oral Surgery.

Iraq

World rank, 2022-now
#187
#177 all time
Works, 2022-now
117k
fractional
Top-10% rate
4.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
78%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Drug Discovery, Numerical Analysis, Algebra and Number Theory.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Egypt leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. Iraq leads on 2 of 9 measures: open access and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Egypt 61 level2 Iraq
  1. #70Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#187
  2. 0.87×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.43×
  3. 169kOutputfractional works, 2022-now117k
  4. 9.2%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited4.7%
  5. 12.0Citations per workall time, per fractional work5.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 56%Open accessof its works free to read, all time78%
  8. 23%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time15%
  9. +20%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+87%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Egypt stands higher in 26 of 26 fields, Iraq in 0. Egypt leads most in Computer Science (#50 against #125). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Egypt 260 Iraq
  1. #64Agricultural and Biological Sciences#122
  2. #90Arts and Humanities#103
  3. #46Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#103
  4. #88Business, Management and Accounting#108
  5. #33Chemical Engineering#43
  6. #39Chemistry#68
  7. #50Computer Science#125
  8. #60Decision Sciences#76
  9. #45Dentistry#62
  10. #46Earth and Planetary Sciences#78
  11. #101Economics, Econometrics and Finance#107
  12. #28Energy#67
  13. #39Engineering#106
  14. #55Environmental Science#120
  15. #81Health Professions#105
  16. #51Immunology and Microbiology#71
  17. #44Materials Science#83
  18. #50Mathematics#80
  19. #77Medicine#150
  20. #56Neuroscience#71
  21. #55Nursing#64
  22. #29Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#44
  23. #51Physics and Astronomy#75
  24. #87Psychology#106
  25. #126Social Sciences#148
  26. #26Veterinary#30

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Egypt rankIraq rank Egypt top 10%Iraq top 10% Egypt worksIraq works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #64 #122 10.3% 3.1% 16k 8.3k
Arts and Humanities #90 #103 7.2% 5.7% 2.9k 3.3k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #46 #103 8.7% 3.0% 11k 5.5k
Business, Management and Accounting #88 #108 11.3% 5.7% 2.7k 2.8k
Chemical Engineering #33 #43 10.2% 5.7% 522 348
Chemistry #39 #68 16.9% 6.4% 5.2k 3.2k
Computer Science #50 #125 13.1% 6.5% 8.1k 11k
Decision Sciences #60 #76 10.8% 6.2% 1.2k 1.3k
Dentistry #45 #62 8.1% 2.8% 3.2k 1.6k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #46 #78 11.6% 3.6% 2k 1.2k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #101 #107 8.4% 3.6% 1.4k 1.6k
Energy #28 #67 14.3% 7.8% 2.2k 1.5k
Engineering #39 #106 11.9% 5.7% 24k 22k
Environmental Science #55 #120 10.7% 4.6% 7.3k 5.7k
Health Professions #81 #105 8.0% 5.1% 3.5k 2.8k
Immunology and Microbiology #51 #71 8.4% 1.5% 2.5k 1.7k
Materials Science #44 #83 12.3% 7.3% 7.7k 5.2k
Mathematics #50 #80 16.6% 6.0% 1.8k 2.3k
Medicine #77 #150 5.4% 2.9% 49k 18k
Neuroscience #56 #71 7.2% 5.6% 2.1k 1.1k
Nursing #55 #64 6.0% 2.2% 2k 826
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #29 #44 13.0% 4.6% 1.7k 861
Physics and Astronomy #51 #75 11.5% 5.7% 2k 1.3k
Psychology #87 #106 7.0% 3.3% 3.2k 2.3k
Social Sciences #126 #148 8.1% 4.0% 6.4k 10k
Veterinary #26 #30 10.6% 1.4% 386 210

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Egypt

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology10k▲ 1.41×140 topics
  2. Inflammation7,132▲ 1.82×83 topics
  3. Oxidative Stress5,746▲ 1.89×63 topics
  4. Machine Learning5,279▼ 0.86×97 topics
  5. Deep Learning4,737▼ 0.74×84 topics
  6. Quality of Life4,412▲ 1.65×60 topics
  7. Cancer4,272▲ 1.72×59 topics
  8. Antioxidant4,237▲ 3.3×51 topics
  9. Environmental Impact4,065▲ 1.29×74 topics
  10. Climate Change3,926▼ 0.78×125 topics
  11. Nanoparticles3,816▲ 1.64×44 topics
  12. Nanomaterials3,688▲ 1.91×21 topics
  13. Biomedical Applications3,465▲ 1.59×36 topics
  14. Treatment3,254▲ 1.45×52 topics
  15. Cardiovascular Disease3,010▲ 1.43×39 topics
  16. Renewable Energy2,916◆ 1.09×61 topics
  17. Antioxidant Activity2,817▲ 2.5×32 topics
  18. Metabolic Syndrome2,771▲ 1.85×24 topics
  19. Toxicity2,491▲ 3.1×20 topics
  20. Diagnosis2,379▲ 1.38×41 topics
  21. Nanocomposites2,364▲ 1.62×22 topics
  22. Antioxidants2,230▲ 2.7×17 topics
  23. Antimicrobial2,172▲ 4.2×14 topics
  24. Tissue Engineering2,123▲ 1.89×13 topics
  25. Clinical Trials2,115▲ 1.72×19 topics
  26. Diabetes2,108▲ 2.3×22 topics
  27. Insulin Resistance2,079▲ 2.5×10 topics
  28. Immune Response2,025▲ 1.93×23 topics
  29. Synthesis2,008▲ 2.9×37 topics
  30. Complications1,857▲ 2.0×17 topics
  31. Anti-inflammatory1,812▲ 3.5×29 topics
  32. Self-Efficacy1,717▲ 3.6×11 topics
  33. Gut Microbiota1,668▲ 2.6×7 topics
  34. Anticancer Agents1,605▲ 5.8×12 topics
  35. Medicinal Chemistry1,560▲ 3.1×13 topics
  36. Wound Healing1,529▲ 3.1×12 topics
  37. Bioactive Compounds1,505▲ 3.3×15 topics
  38. Green Synthesis1,336▲ 3.8×5 topics
  39. Antimicrobial Activity1,271▲ 4.2×9 topics
  40. Heterocyclic Compounds1,089▲ 7.0×6 topics

Iraq

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning6,208▲ 1.43×97 topics
  2. Deep Learning6,012▲ 1.33×85 topics
  3. Epidemiology5,468◆ 1.05×137 topics
  4. Inflammation3,503▲ 1.26×83 topics
  5. Nanoparticles3,313▲ 2.0×44 topics
  6. Environmental Impact3,295▲ 1.48×73 topics
  7. Oxidative Stress2,705▲ 1.26×63 topics
  8. Nanomaterials2,429▲ 1.78×21 topics
  9. Renewable Energy2,256▲ 1.19×61 topics
  10. Antioxidant2,179▲ 2.4×51 topics
  11. Remote Sensing2,135▲ 1.34×40 topics
  12. Mechanical Properties2,134▲ 1.67×39 topics
  13. Culture2,006▲ 2.9×40 topics
  14. Literature2,004▲ 2.8×60 topics
  15. History1,885▲ 2.1×57 topics
  16. Philosophy1,819▲ 3.1×41 topics
  17. Islam1,756▲ 6.5×5 topics
  18. Ethnicity1,752▲ 3.6×23 topics
  19. Toxicity1,738▲ 3.1×20 topics
  20. Synthesis1,692▲ 3.5×36 topics
  21. Social Influence1,656▲ 6.0×3 topics
  22. Antioxidant Activity1,634▲ 2.0×32 topics
  23. Science1,632▲ 5.1×10 topics
  24. Sharia Law1,610▲ 8.6×2 topics
  25. Malay Language1,609▲ 8.8×1 topic
  26. Heat Transfer1,598▲ 2.5×20 topics
  27. Artificial Neural Networks1,524▲ 2.6×10 topics
  28. Economic Security1,374▲ 5.0×7 topics
  29. Legal Regulation1,348▲ 4.6×8 topics
  30. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles1,328▲ 5.4×5 topics
  31. Strategic Planning1,280▲ 6.7×5 topics
  32. Design1,279▲ 6.0×6 topics
  33. Modernization1,265▲ 5.3×5 topics
  34. International Trade Law1,254▲ 7.3×2 topics
  35. Foresight1,252▲ 7.3×2 topics
  36. Public Oversight1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  37. Transport Policy1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  38. Air Force1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  39. Warfare1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  40. Recycled Materials923▲ 6.3×2 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Egypt has out-published Iraq every year since 1980.

still counting20k40k60kEgypt40k in 2025Iraq31k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.50%1.0%Egypt0.68% in 2025Iraq0.52% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Egypt10.7% in 2025Iraq5.1% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Egypt 05 level0 Iraq
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Egypt or Iraq?

Egypt publishes 1.4× as much research as Iraq in 2022-now (169k against 117k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Egypt or Iraq?

9.2% of Egypt's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 4.7% for Iraq.

Is Egypt or Iraq growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +87% against 2018-21 for Iraq, and +20% for Egypt.

Which has more open access research, Egypt or Iraq?

78% of Iraq's research is free to read, against 56% of Egypt's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Egypt or Iraq?

Egypt holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Iraq 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Egypt

  1. 1Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport12.5% top 10% · 1.5k works
  2. 2Higher Institute of Engineering13.7% top 10% · 1.4k works
  3. 3British University in Egypt10.1% top 10% · 1.4k works
  4. 4American University in Cairo10.6% top 10% · 1.5k works
  5. 5Kafrelsheikh University16.1% top 10% · 2.4k works
  6. 6Helwan University8.1% top 10% · 4.3k works

Iraq

  1. 1University of Raparin11.5% top 10% · 638 works
  2. 2Koya University6.8% top 10% · 879 works
  3. 3University of Technology - Iraq6.5% top 10% · 4.7k works
  4. 4Tishk International University11.6% top 10% · 1k works
  5. 5Duhok Polytechnic University10.3% top 10% · 627 works
  6. 6Kurdistan Regional Government8.8% top 10% · 960 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Egypt

  1. 1 Mohamed Abdel‐Basset #3,651 worldwide 17k citations · 391 works
  2. 2 Swellam Wafa Sharshir #4,091 worldwide 16k citations · 243 works
  3. 3 Foad Abd-Allah #8,448 worldwide 187k citations · 173 works
  4. 4 Ahmed I Hasaballah #8,671 worldwide 74k citations · 126 works
  5. 5 Ibrahim Saad Agwa #10,278 worldwide 5.2k citations · 89 works

Iraq

  1. 1 Aso Mohammad Darwesh #14,894 worldwide 51k citations · 121 works
  2. 2 Ahmed Omar Bali #18,851 worldwide 46k citations · 89 works
  3. 3 Mokhtar Mohammadi #20,512 worldwide 15k citations · 151 works
  4. 4 Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed #24,716 worldwide 7.1k citations · 192 works
  5. 5 Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem #24,839 worldwide 6.4k citations · 111 works