Ghana vs Rwanda
On research quality in 2022-now, Ghana ranks #58 in the world and Rwanda #69, of 189 countries. Ghana stands higher in 18 of the 19 fields both publish in, Rwanda in 1.
Research profiles alike: 0.80very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured
Compare other countries
Ghana
- World rank, 2022-now
- #58
- #68 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 27k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 10.8%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 65%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Library and Information Sciences, Horticulture, Research and Theory.
Rwanda
- World rank, 2022-now
- #69
- #72 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 4.6k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 10.2%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 73%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Chemical Health and Safety, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Developmental Biology.
Who leads, measure by measure?
Ghana leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, top-10% rate and citations per work. Rwanda leads on 3 of 9 measures: open access, international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on excellence for its fields and institutions in the world top 100.
- #58Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#69
- 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.99×
- 27kOutputfractional works, 2022-now4.6k
- 10.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited10.2%
- 12.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work8.2
- 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
- 65%Open accessof its works free to read, all time73%
- 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time57%
- +42%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+111%
A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.
Who leads in each field?
Ghana stands higher in 18 of 19 fields, Rwanda in 1. Ghana leads most in Business, Management and Accounting (#46 against #78); Rwanda leads most in Medicine (#56 against #58). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.
- #43Agricultural and Biological Sciences#68
- #55Arts and Humanities-
- #61Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-
- #46Business, Management and Accounting#78
- #62Computer Science#75
- #45Decision Sciences-
- #58Earth and Planetary Sciences-
- #41Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
- #57Energy-
- #72Engineering#81
- #52Environmental Science#56
- #42Health Professions-
- #40Immunology and Microbiology-
- #70Materials Science-
- #60Mathematics-
- #58Medicine#56
- #40Nursing-
- #58Psychology-
- #59Social Sciences#70
Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.
The numbers behind each field
Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.
| Field | Ghana rank | Rwanda rank | Ghana top 10% | Rwanda top 10% | Ghana works | Rwanda works |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | #43 | #68 | 11.0% | 13.9% | 2.3k | 263 |
| Arts and Humanities | #55 | - | 11.5% | - | 746 | - |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | #61 | - | 9.3% | - | 637 | - |
| Business, Management and Accounting | #46 | #78 | 12.9% | 5.4% | 2.3k | 221 |
| Computer Science | #62 | #75 | 10.8% | 9.3% | 1.4k | 301 |
| Decision Sciences | #45 | - | 9.5% | - | 458 | - |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | #58 | - | 11.4% | - | 207 | - |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | #41 | - | 13.1% | - | 1.6k | - |
| Energy | #57 | - | 9.8% | - | 235 | - |
| Engineering | #72 | #81 | 8.0% | 8.8% | 1.7k | 331 |
| Environmental Science | #52 | #56 | 9.1% | 9.0% | 1.9k | 374 |
| Health Professions | #42 | - | 13.2% | - | 1.1k | - |
| Immunology and Microbiology | #40 | - | 12.1% | - | 295 | - |
| Materials Science | #70 | - | 7.5% | - | 206 | - |
| Mathematics | #60 | - | 11.1% | - | 277 | - |
| Medicine | #58 | #56 | 10.1% | 10.4% | 4.3k | 890 |
| Nursing | #40 | - | 11.6% | - | 396 | - |
| Psychology | #58 | - | 8.7% | - | 1k | - |
| Social Sciences | #59 | #70 | 11.6% | 11.6% | 5k | 799 |
What is each known for?
The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.
Ghana
- Institutional Quality
- Maternal and Child Undernutrition
- Vulnerability
- Global Burden of Disease
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Governance
- Smallholder Farmers
- Child Mortality
- Leadership
- Urbanization
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Consumer Behavior
- Corporate Governance
- Supply Chain Management
- Mental Health
- Social Capital
- Education
- Renewable Energy
- Globalization
- Sustainability
- Epidemiology
- Climate Change
- Environmental Impact
- Sustainable Development
- Economic Growth
- Public Health
- Risk Management
- Maternal Mortality
- Poverty Reduction
- Community Health Workers
- Health Inequalities
- Child Development
- Socio-economic Factors
- Health Systems
- Social Networks
- Development
- Gender Inequality
- Poverty Alleviation
- ICT
- Water Sanitation Hygiene
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Epidemiology1,614▲ 1.30×136 topics
- Sustainability1,476▲ 1.93×109 topics
- Climate Change1,179▲ 1.39×111 topics
- Globalization1,054▲ 1.72×132 topics
- Environmental Impact932▲ 1.75×67 topics
- Renewable Energy815▲ 1.80×53 topics
- Sustainable Development808▲ 1.65×89 topics
- Education786▲ 1.46×101 topics
- Economic Growth786▲ 3.1×34 topics
- Social Capital700▲ 4.3×21 topics
- Public Health690▲ 1.52×65 topics
- Mental Health661▲ 1.48×43 topics
- Risk Management650▲ 4.4×18 topics
- Supply Chain Management597▲ 2.1×26 topics
- Maternal Mortality544▲ 7.8×5 topics
- Corporate Governance529▲ 2.3×27 topics
- Poverty Reduction517▲ 13×7 topics
- Consumer Behavior514▲ 2.6×18 topics
- Community Health Workers479▲ 17×2 topics
- Biodiversity Conservation456▲ 3.9×17 topics
- Health Inequalities456▲ 12×5 topics
- Urbanization456▲ 3.6×13 topics
- Child Development449▲ 3.5×8 topics
- Leadership447▲ 2.9×35 topics
- Socio-economic Factors435▲ 12×3 topics
- Child Mortality432▲ 19×1 topic
- Health Systems432▲ 19×1 topic
- Smallholder Farmers429▲ 6.5×6 topics
- Social Networks417▲ 4.9×13 topics
- Governance412▲ 4.0×15 topics
- Development397▲ 3.6×19 topics
- Sustainable Agriculture395▲ 4.1×15 topics
- Gender Inequality381▲ 8.8×6 topics
- Global Burden of Disease372▲ 4.8×4 topics
- Poverty Alleviation372▲ 12×3 topics
- Vulnerability370▲ 5.1×8 topics
- ICT305▲ 7.3×5 topics
- Maternal and Child Undernutrition305▲ 12×1 topic
- Water Sanitation Hygiene305▲ 12×1 topic
- Institutional Quality302▲ 9.2×3 topics
Rwanda
- Surgical Care
- Water Sanitation Hygiene
- Global Health
- Technology Integration
- Student Engagement
- Ethical Considerations
- Higher Education
- Health Systems
- Socio-economic Factors
- Risk Management
- Rwanda
- Middle East
- Risk Factors
- Politics
- Supply Chain Management
- Globalization
- Public Health
- Education
- Sustainability
- Epidemiology
- Climate Change
- Machine Learning
- Deep Learning
- Environmental Impact
- Educational Technology
- Remote Sensing
- Genocide
- Maternal Mortality
- Media
- Qatar
- Community Health Workers
- Health Inequalities
- Child Mortality
- Teaching Strategies
- Child Development
- Global Burden of Disease
- Medical Education
- Vaccine
- Maternal and Child Undernutrition
- Poverty Reduction
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Climate Change299▲ 1.99×104 topics
- Epidemiology291▲ 1.32×127 topics
- Machine Learning221▲ 1.20×84 topics
- Sustainability200▲ 1.48×92 topics
- Deep Learning169◆ 0.88×79 topics
- Education164▲ 1.73×70 topics
- Environmental Impact144▲ 1.53×58 topics
- Public Health141▲ 1.75×56 topics
- Educational Technology133▲ 2.0×30 topics
- Globalization129▲ 1.19×75 topics
- Remote Sensing123▲ 1.82×40 topics
- Supply Chain Management122▲ 2.5×21 topics
- Genocide120▲ 41×3 topics
- Politics114▲ 7.9×12 topics
- Maternal Mortality108▲ 8.7×5 topics
- Risk Factors106▲ 1.74×35 topics
- Media105▲ 13×5 topics
- Middle East105▲ 31×2 topics
- Qatar104▲ 104×1 topic
- Rwanda104▲ 104×1 topic
- Community Health Workers100▲ 20×2 topics
- Risk Management94▲ 3.6×14 topics
- Health Inequalities92▲ 14×5 topics
- Socio-economic Factors89▲ 14×3 topics
- Child Mortality89▲ 22×1 topic
- Health Systems89▲ 22×1 topic
- Teaching Strategies84▲ 5.4×5 topics
- Higher Education82▲ 2.8×22 topics
- Child Development82▲ 3.6×8 topics
- Ethical Considerations75▲ 3.9×15 topics
- Global Burden of Disease75▲ 5.5×4 topics
- Student Engagement74▲ 3.4×16 topics
- Medical Education71▲ 4.8×11 topics
- Technology Integration70▲ 4.0×10 topics
- Vaccine69▲ 3.1×11 topics
- Global Health68▲ 7.9×7 topics
- Maternal and Child Undernutrition63▲ 14×1 topic
- Water Sanitation Hygiene63▲ 14×1 topic
- Poverty Reduction60▲ 8.4×5 topics
- Surgical Care46▲ 15×2 topics
Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.
How has their output grown?
Ghana has out-published Rwanda every year since 1980.
Fractional works per year.
Their share of all research
Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.
Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.
How much of it reaches the world top 10%
The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).
A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.
Who holds more of the world's best institutions?
A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.
- 0In the world top 500
- 0In the top 1000
- 0In the top 5000
- 0In the top 1,0000
- #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51
Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.
Which publishes more research, Ghana or Rwanda?
Ghana publishes 5.8× as much research as Rwanda in 2022-now (27k against 4.6k fractional works).
Whose research has more impact, Ghana or Rwanda?
10.8% of Ghana's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 10.2% for Rwanda.
Is Ghana or Rwanda growing faster?
Output in 2022-25 was +111% against 2018-21 for Rwanda, and +42% for Ghana.
Which has more open access research, Ghana or Rwanda?
73% of Rwanda's research is free to read, against 65% of Ghana's.
Which has more world-class institutions, Ghana or Rwanda?
Ghana holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Rwanda 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.
Which institutions lead in each country?
The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.
Ghana
- 1University of Ghana11.0% top 10% · 5.3k works
- 2University of Cape Coast12.8% top 10% · 2.8k works
- 3Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology10.8% top 10% · 4.5k works
- 4University for Development Studies11.1% top 10% · 1.9k works
- 5University of Education, Winneba8.0% top 10% · 1.4k works
- 6Takoradi Technical University13.8% top 10% · 404 works
Rwanda
- 1University of Rwanda11.0% top 10% · 1.6k works
- 2University of Kigali6.7% top 10% · 612 works
- 3Ministry of Natural Resources12.5% top 10% · 458 works
- 4Rwanda Biomedical Center13.9% top 10% · 207 works
- 5University of Global Health Equity13.5% top 10% · 218 works
- 6Ministry of Education12.9% top 10% · 231 works
The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.
Who are the top researchers on each side?
The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.
Ghana
- 1 Richard Gyan Aboagye #22,347 worldwide 39k citations · 250 works
- 2 Emmanuel Joel Aikins Abakah #27,882 worldwide 4.7k citations · 132 works
- 3 Martin Amogre Ayanore #33,207 worldwide 54k citations · 181 works
- 4 Robert Kokou Dowou #33,244 worldwide 25k citations · 109 works
- 5 Hubert Amu #37,771 worldwide 49k citations · 190 works
Rwanda
- 1 Corine Karema #100,026 worldwide 84k citations · 83 works
- 2 Claude Mambo Muvunyi #103,506 worldwide 4.7k citations · 224 works
- 3 Agnès Binagwaho #112,520 worldwide 24k citations · 297 works
- 4 Ainhoa Costas‐Chavarri #144,195 worldwide 4.1k citations · 51 works
- 5 Pierre Gashema #164,832 worldwide 531 citations · 71 works