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Greece vs Netherlands

On research quality in 2022-now, The Netherlands ranks #9 in the world and Greece #34, of 189 countries. Greece stands higher in 0 of the 26 fields both publish in, the Netherlands in 26.

Research profiles alike: 0.55similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Greece

World rank, 2022-now
#34
#34 all time
Works, 2022-now
88k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
42%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Space and Planetary Science, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Classics.

Netherlands

World rank, 2022-now
#9
#9 all time
Works, 2022-now
191k
fractional
Top-10% rate
14.6%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
48%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Medical Terminology, General Decision Sciences, Structural Biology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

The Netherlands leads on 8 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work, institutions in the world top 100, open access and international co-authorship. Greece leads on 1 of 9 measures: growth.

Greece 18 Netherlands
  1. #34Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#9
  2. 1.09×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.42×
  3. 88kOutputfractional works, 2022-now191k
  4. 11.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited14.6%
  5. 19.9Citations per workall time, per fractional work34.1
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1004
  7. 42%Open accessof its works free to read, all time48%
  8. 25%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +18%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-2%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Greece stands higher in 0 of 26 fields, Netherlands in 26. The Netherlands leads most in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (#12 against #36). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Greece 026 Netherlands
  1. #35Agricultural and Biological Sciences#9
  2. #41Arts and Humanities#8
  3. #29Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#9
  4. #35Business, Management and Accounting#5
  5. #31Chemical Engineering#11
  6. #32Chemistry#13
  7. #33Computer Science#13
  8. #36Decision Sciences#5
  9. #35Dentistry#10
  10. #42Earth and Planetary Sciences#8
  11. #35Economics, Econometrics and Finance#6
  12. #39Energy#17
  13. #34Engineering#11
  14. #35Environmental Science#10
  15. #34Health Professions#8
  16. #35Immunology and Microbiology#9
  17. #38Materials Science#13
  18. #37Mathematics#15
  19. #32Medicine#6
  20. #31Neuroscience#8
  21. #37Nursing#9
  22. #36Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#12
  23. #37Physics and Astronomy#8
  24. #32Psychology#6
  25. #41Social Sciences#8
  26. -Veterinary#9

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Greece rankNetherlands rank Greece top 10%Netherlands top 10% Greece worksNetherlands works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #35 #9 14.3% 16.5% 3.6k 5.4k
Arts and Humanities #41 #8 11.2% 15.5% 2.4k 6k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #29 #9 10.8% 13.3% 4.2k 11k
Business, Management and Accounting #35 #5 14.6% 16.4% 2.6k 5.6k
Chemical Engineering #31 #11 9.7% 12.6% 225 542
Chemistry #32 #13 10.3% 13.5% 1k 1.7k
Computer Science #33 #13 12.0% 11.7% 8k 12k
Decision Sciences #36 #5 12.8% 14.3% 1.1k 2.5k
Dentistry #35 #10 14.5% 18.4% 444 662
Earth and Planetary Sciences #42 #8 10.4% 13.1% 1.7k 2.8k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #35 #6 13.2% 13.6% 2.4k 4.7k
Energy #39 #17 10.9% 10.6% 776 1.1k
Engineering #34 #11 11.0% 11.6% 12k 20k
Environmental Science #35 #10 10.3% 14.0% 5.1k 9k
Health Professions #34 #8 13.4% 14.2% 1.8k 6.1k
Immunology and Microbiology #35 #9 11.6% 13.9% 916 2.5k
Materials Science #38 #13 8.2% 11.7% 1.8k 3.1k
Mathematics #37 #15 10.0% 12.2% 955 1.9k
Medicine #32 #6 12.5% 16.1% 22k 51k
Neuroscience #31 #8 11.3% 12.6% 1.4k 5.3k
Nursing #37 #9 14.7% 14.1% 381 887
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #36 #12 12.2% 13.2% 203 446
Physics and Astronomy #37 #8 8.7% 13.3% 1.9k 4.6k
Psychology #32 #6 12.6% 15.3% 3.1k 9.7k
Social Sciences #41 #8 11.8% 17.2% 7.5k 23k
Veterinary - #9 - 15.6% - 355

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Greece

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology4,737▲ 1.17×139 topics
  2. Machine Learning3,790◆ 1.12×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning3,640◆ 1.04×85 topics
  4. Climate Change3,422▲ 1.24×126 topics
  5. Sustainability2,897▲ 1.17×132 topics
  6. Inflammation2,616▲ 1.21×83 topics
  7. Cardiovascular Disease2,002▲ 1.73×39 topics
  8. Environmental Impact1,943◆ 1.12×72 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,768▲ 1.21×61 topics
  10. Oxidative Stress1,690◆ 1.01×63 topics
  11. Neural Networks1,668◆ 1.07×42 topics
  12. Quality of Life1,614◆ 1.10×61 topics
  13. Treatment1,589▲ 1.29×52 topics
  14. Remote Sensing1,569▲ 1.27×42 topics
  15. Risk Factors1,474▲ 1.32×37 topics
  16. Globalization1,385▼ 0.70×176 topics
  17. Big Data1,345▲ 1.39×37 topics
  18. Diagnosis1,336▲ 1.41×41 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence1,301◆ 0.90×67 topics
  20. Metabolic Syndrome1,276▲ 1.55×24 topics
  21. Energy Efficiency1,266▲ 1.35×44 topics
  22. Public Health1,236▼ 0.84×71 topics
  23. Healthcare1,220◆ 1.05×42 topics
  24. Mental Health1,218▼ 0.84×48 topics
  25. Cancer1,202◆ 0.88×59 topics
  26. Economic Growth1,166▲ 1.41×36 topics
  27. Internet of Things1,106▲ 1.27×33 topics
  28. Biodiversity1,083▲ 1.40×38 topics
  29. Obesity1,075▲ 1.38×29 topics
  30. Management1,039▲ 1.28×40 topics
  31. Genetics1,009▲ 1.41×27 topics
  32. Supply Chain Management1,004◆ 1.10×26 topics
  33. Depression980◆ 1.10×26 topics
  34. Health Effects942▲ 1.53×24 topics
  35. Chemotherapy940▲ 1.31×25 topics
  36. Mortality874▲ 1.52×13 topics
  37. Heart Failure807▲ 1.78×14 topics
  38. Invasive Species777▲ 1.81×21 topics
  39. Guidelines766▲ 1.60×13 topics
  40. Hypertension631▲ 2.1×16 topics

Netherlands

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology11k▲ 1.26×140 topics
  2. Climate Change6,594◆ 1.11×131 topics
  3. Machine Learning5,981▼ 0.82×97 topics
  4. Inflammation5,839▲ 1.26×83 topics
  5. Deep Learning5,083▼ 0.68×85 topics
  6. Sustainability4,728◆ 0.89×139 topics
  7. Quality of Life4,599▲ 1.46×61 topics
  8. Globalization4,492◆ 1.05×182 topics
  9. Mental Health3,903▲ 1.25×47 topics
  10. Public Health3,634◆ 1.14×77 topics
  11. Treatment3,313▲ 1.25×52 topics
  12. Cardiovascular Disease3,186▲ 1.28×39 topics
  13. Depression2,953▲ 1.54×26 topics
  14. Oxidative Stress2,939▼ 0.82×63 topics
  15. Risk Factors2,929▲ 1.22×37 topics
  16. Environmental Impact2,862▼ 0.77×74 topics
  17. Human Rights2,682▲ 1.20×91 topics
  18. Renewable Energy2,558▼ 0.81×58 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence2,544▼ 0.82×67 topics
  20. Cancer2,462▼ 0.84×59 topics
  21. Chemotherapy2,404▲ 1.56×25 topics
  22. Diagnosis2,398▲ 1.18×41 topics
  23. Big Data2,310◆ 1.11×37 topics
  24. Biomarkers2,265▲ 1.49×18 topics
  25. Immunotherapy2,187▲ 1.39×19 topics
  26. Metabolic Syndrome2,179▲ 1.23×24 topics
  27. Genetics2,129▲ 1.38×27 topics
  28. Clinical Trials2,079▲ 1.43×19 topics
  29. Management2,062▲ 1.18×40 topics
  30. Clinical Practice Guidelines2,045▲ 1.71×14 topics
  31. Meta-Analysis1,965▲ 1.53×21 topics
  32. Obesity1,959▲ 1.17×29 topics
  33. Ethics1,957▲ 1.77×61 topics
  34. Neurological Disorders1,871▲ 1.50×20 topics
  35. Anxiety1,841▲ 1.78×12 topics
  36. Aging1,766▲ 1.49×19 topics
  37. Resilience1,708▲ 1.59×19 topics
  38. Guidelines1,685▲ 1.64×13 topics
  39. Heart Failure1,569▲ 1.61×14 topics
  40. Emotion Regulation1,534▲ 2.2×9 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

The Netherlands has out-published Greece every year since 1980.

still counting20k40k60kNetherlands49k in 2025Greece24k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting1.0%2.0%Netherlands0.83% in 2025Greece0.40% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Netherlands13.6% in 2025Greece13.0% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Greece 01 level4 Netherlands
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1004
  3. 0In the top 50014
  4. 4In the top 1,00017
  5. #32Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#11

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Greece or Netherlands?

The Netherlands publishes 2.2× as much research as Greece in 2022-now (191k against 88k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Greece or Netherlands?

14.6% of the Netherlands's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 11.8% for Greece.

Is Greece or Netherlands growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +18% against 2018-21 for Greece, and -2% for the Netherlands.

Which has more open access research, Greece or Netherlands?

48% of the Netherlands's research is free to read, against 42% of Greece's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Greece or Netherlands?

The Netherlands holds 4 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Greece 0; in the top 1,000 it is 17 against 4.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Greece

  1. 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens13.0% top 10% · 11k works
  2. 2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki11.4% top 10% · 10k works
  3. 3University of Crete12.1% top 10% · 2.5k works
  4. 4Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas11.8% top 10% · 1.7k works
  5. 5University of Patras12.7% top 10% · 5.6k works
  6. 6University of the Aegean11.7% top 10% · 1.9k works

Netherlands

  1. 1University of Amsterdam17.4% top 10% · 12k works
  2. 2Radboud University Nijmegen15.7% top 10% · 13k works
  3. 3Utrecht University15.8% top 10% · 15k works
  4. 4University of Groningen15.8% top 10% · 14k works
  5. 5Erasmus University Rotterdam16.6% top 10% · 11k works
  6. 6Leiden University15.6% top 10% · 11k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Greece

  1. 1 Gerasimos S Filippatos #1,382 worldwide 184k citations · 1,157 works
  2. 2 George V. Dedoussis #2,273 worldwide 40k citations · 83 works
  3. 3 Stamatios Papadakis #2,795 worldwide 10k citations · 195 works
  4. 4 Emmanuel N. Saridakis #4,461 worldwide 21k citations · 379 works
  5. 5 Evangelos Evangelou #7,975 worldwide 37k citations · 351 works

Netherlands

  1. 1 Hans C. Clevers #12 worldwide 260k citations · 1,323 works
  2. 2 Arnold B. Bakker #298 worldwide 189k citations · 745 works
  3. 3 Detlef Peter van Vuuren #407 worldwide 126k citations · 877 works
  4. 4 Nancy Bocken #490 worldwide 37k citations · 229 works
  5. 5 Lourens Poorter #512 worldwide 50k citations · 402 works

Other comparisons

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