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Luxembourg vs Turkmenistan

On research quality in 2022-now, Luxembourg ranks #35 in the world and Turkmenistan #149, of 189 countries. Luxembourg stands higher in 12 of the 12 fields both publish in, Turkmenistan in 0.

Research profiles alike: 0.58similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Luxembourg

World rank, 2022-now
#35
#33 all time
Works, 2022-now
7.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Software, Industrial relations, Medical Terminology.

Turkmenistan

World rank, 2022-now
#149
#190 all time
Works, 2022-now
1.1k
fractional
Top-10% rate
3.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
70%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Aquatic Science, Fuel Technology, Economics and Econometrics.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Luxembourg leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. Turkmenistan leads on 2 of 9 measures: open access and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Luxembourg 61 level2 Turkmenistan
  1. #35Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#149
  2. 1.21×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.66×
  3. 7.7kOutputfractional works, 2022-now1.1k
  4. 11.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited3.9%
  5. 10.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work1.3
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 55%Open accessof its works free to read, all time70%
  8. 29%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time21%
  9. -22%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+150%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Luxembourg stands higher in 12 of 12 fields, Turkmenistan in 0. Luxembourg leads most in Social Sciences (#44 against #109). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Luxembourg 120 Turkmenistan
  1. #44Arts and Humanities-
  2. #39Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-
  3. #45Business, Management and Accounting-
  4. #35Computer Science-
  5. #37Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  6. #35Engineering-
  7. #54Environmental Science-
  8. #46Materials Science-
  9. #38Medicine-
  10. #32Physics and Astronomy-
  11. #43Psychology-
  12. #44Social Sciences#109

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Luxembourg rankTurkmenistan rank Luxembourg top 10%Turkmenistan top 10% Luxembourg worksTurkmenistan works
Arts and Humanities #44 - 11.2% - 356 -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #39 - 12.7% - 281 -
Business, Management and Accounting #45 - 9.9% - 303 -
Computer Science #35 - 12.6% - 1.1k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #37 - 11.9% - 333 -
Engineering #35 - 13.3% - 1.3k -
Environmental Science #54 - 9.7% - 291 -
Materials Science #46 - 9.6% - 222 -
Medicine #38 - 12.0% - 737 -
Physics and Astronomy #32 - 14.4% - 204 -
Psychology #43 - 11.1% - 292 -
Social Sciences #44 #109 11.3% 4.7% 1.3k 536

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Luxembourg

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning428▲ 1.46×87 topics
  2. Deep Learning407▲ 1.34×75 topics
  3. Globalization289▲ 1.67×133 topics
  4. Epidemiology209▼ 0.60×135 topics
  5. Sustainability208◆ 0.97×104 topics
  6. Neural Networks188▲ 1.38×39 topics
  7. Climate Change174▼ 0.73×103 topics
  8. Energy Efficiency171▲ 2.1×36 topics
  9. Artificial Intelligence162▲ 1.29×48 topics
  10. Big Data158▲ 1.88×27 topics
  11. Mental Health156▲ 1.24×42 topics
  12. Human Rights154▲ 1.71×66 topics
  13. Public Health149▲ 1.16×64 topics
  14. Internet of Things140▲ 1.86×22 topics
  15. Healthcare137▲ 1.36×35 topics
  16. Security134▲ 2.3×26 topics
  17. European Union120▲ 6.1×25 topics
  18. Ethics95▲ 2.1×41 topics
  19. Gender94▲ 1.98×41 topics
  20. Governance87▲ 3.0×17 topics
  21. Colonialism86▲ 2.0×44 topics
  22. Democracy85▲ 2.8×24 topics
  23. Physical Layer Security84▲ 22×2 topics
  24. IoT Security78▲ 2.9×3 topics
  25. Cognitive Radio78▲ 25×2 topics
  26. Security Analysis78▲ 5.2×4 topics
  27. LEO Satellite Constellation76▲ 30×1 topic
  28. Satellite Communications76▲ 30×1 topic
  29. Territorial Governance73▲ 7.2×3 topics
  30. 5G Networks73▲ 4.1×5 topics
  31. Labor Market72▲ 2.9×15 topics
  32. Monetary Policy72▲ 3.5×12 topics
  33. Wireless Communication69▲ 5.4×7 topics
  34. Sociolinguistics62▲ 3.8×9 topics
  35. Channel Estimation58▲ 7.5×4 topics
  36. Wireless Networks58▲ 4.4×9 topics
  37. Local Development53▲ 5.8×2 topics
  38. European Integration50▲ 10×6 topics
  39. Institutionalization50▲ 6.2×5 topics
  40. MIMO Systems50▲ 7.2×3 topics

Turkmenistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Pedagogy455▲ 53×12 topics
  2. Language Teaching451▲ 98×7 topics
  3. Digital Education446▲ 175×5 topics
  4. Formative Assessment443▲ 308×2 topics
  5. Teaching Methods442▲ 159×2 topics
  6. Educational Technologies442▲ 282×2 topics
  7. Critical Thinking442▲ 221×1 topic
  8. Student Competencies442▲ 393×1 topic
  9. Globalization323▲ 9.6×33 topics
  10. Sustainability298▲ 7.1×41 topics
  11. Entrepreneurship275▲ 40×4 topics
  12. Digital Economy272▲ 79×10 topics
  13. Economic Development266▲ 19×12 topics
  14. Industrial Enterprises260▲ 445×1 topic
  15. Innovation Economics260▲ 445×1 topic
  16. Renewable Energy175▲ 7.0×31 topics
  17. Migration154▲ 26×13 topics
  18. Global Governance147▲ 36×4 topics
  19. Climate Change Impact135▲ 34×2 topics
  20. Energy Consumption135▲ 35×2 topics
  21. Irrigation134▲ 404×1 topic
  22. Water Efficiency134▲ 404×1 topic
  23. Postcolonialism134▲ 54×2 topics
  24. Biopolitics134▲ 101×3 topics
  25. Crisis Management133▲ 152×1 topic
  26. Education Reform133▲ 320×1 topic
  27. Innovation36▲ 2.0×22 topics
  28. Neoliberalism35▲ 5.7×8 topics
  29. Digital Labour Theory29▲ 184×1 topic
  30. Innovative Pedagogies29▲ 184×1 topic
  31. Ethnicity25▲ 3.9×9 topics
  32. Language23▲ 5.3×9 topics
  33. Telemedicine22▲ 9.6×5 topics
  34. Central Asia22▲ 18×4 topics
  35. Digitalization21▲ 5.9×9 topics
  36. Algorithmic Modeling20▲ 152×1 topic
  37. Biomedical Signal Processing20▲ 152×1 topic
  38. Remote Monitoring20▲ 11×2 topics
  39. Language Contact19▲ 12×3 topics
  40. Sharia Law19▲ 7.7×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Luxembourg has out-published Turkmenistan every year since 1982.

still counting2k4kLuxembourg1,936 in 2025Turkmenistan506 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.050%0.10%Luxembourg0.033% in 2025Turkmenistan0.0086% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Luxembourg12.1% in 2025Turkmenistan6.0% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Luxembourg 32 level0 Turkmenistan
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 1In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0000
  5. #38Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Luxembourg or Turkmenistan?

Luxembourg publishes 6.9× as much research as Turkmenistan in 2022-now (7.7k against 1.1k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Luxembourg or Turkmenistan?

11.9% of Luxembourg's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 3.9% for Turkmenistan.

Is Luxembourg or Turkmenistan growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +150% against 2018-21 for Turkmenistan, and -22% for Luxembourg.

Which has more open access research, Luxembourg or Turkmenistan?

70% of Turkmenistan's research is free to read, against 55% of Luxembourg's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Luxembourg or Turkmenistan?

Luxembourg holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Turkmenistan 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Luxembourg

  1. 1University of Luxembourg12.3% top 10% · 4.9k works
  2. 2Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology10.5% top 10% · 813 works
  3. 3Luxembourg Institute of Health13.8% top 10% · 376 works
  4. 4Eurofins (Luxembourg)8.7% top 10% · 230 works
  5. 5Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research20.0% top 10% · 240 works
  6. 6INTRASOFT International (Luxembourg)9.9% top 10% · 129 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Luxembourg

  1. 1 Lionel Briand #12,133 worldwide 30k citations · 620 works
  2. 2 Ala’a Alkerwi #22,987 worldwide 106k citations · 135 works
  3. 3 Emma Schymanski #23,172 worldwide 19k citations · 552 works
  4. 4 Mike Papadakis #25,871 worldwide 6.7k citations · 300 works
  5. 5 Elouise Botes #26,305 worldwide 2.1k citations · 101 works

Turkmenistan

  1. 1 Bart Lambert #809,629 worldwide 349 citations · 86 works
  2. 2 Luc Vrydaghs #2,868,565 worldwide 3k citations · 174 works
  3. 3 Pieter Bruegel #3,218,609 worldwide 113 citations · 80 works
  4. 4 Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea #3,244,893 worldwide 7 citations · 15 works
  5. 5 Tine Luk Meganck #3,400,089 worldwide 17 citations · 29 works

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