Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
Topic · Organic Chemistry

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation is a research topic within Organic Chemistry. Science Explorer counts 50k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the synthesis, biological evaluation, and antimicrobial activity of quinoxaline derivatives. It covers a wide range of topics including the development of new catalysts for synthesis, investigation of their biological activities, and their potential as anticancer agents.

  • Quinoxaline
  • Synthesis
  • Antimicrobial Activity
  • Biological Evaluation
  • Derivatives
  • Catalyst
  • Heterocyclic Compounds
  • Anticancer Agents
  • Oxidation
  • Medicinal Chemistry
Research works
50k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
4.9k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+0%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
India
29% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Which countries lead Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research?

By volume, India and China publish the most (979 and 912 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 India 979 works
  2. 2 China 912 works
  3. 3 Russia 321 works
  4. 4 United States 318 works
  5. 5 Egypt 199 works
  6. 6 Iran 155 works
  7. 7 Brazil 134 works
  8. 8 Saudi Arabia 127 works
  9. 9 Türkiye 114 works
  10. 10 France 84 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

India: 29.3%China: 27.3%Russia: 9.6%United States: 9.5%6 others listed: 24.3%29%largest
India979 · 29.3%China912 · 27.3%Russia321 · 9.6%United States318 · 9.5%6 others listed813 · 24.3%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research?

By volume in 2022-now, Russian Academy of Sciences publishes the most Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research, followed by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 150 works
  2. 2 Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchIndia 36 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 34 works
  4. 4 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 33 works
  5. 5 Cairo UniversityEgypt 30 works
  6. 6 Islamic Azad University, TehranIran 29 works
  7. 7 National Research CentreEgypt 24 works
  8. 8 Al-Azhar UniversityEgypt 23 works
  9. 9 Guizhou UniversityChina 23 works
  10. 10 King Saud UniversitySaudi Arabia 21 works

Who are the leading researchers in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Synthesis and Biological Evaluation include Michaël Grätzel, Richard A. Gibbs and Jeremy Grimshaw.

  1. 1 Michaël Grätzel Switzerland 458k citations
  2. 2 Richard A. Gibbs United States 292k citations
  3. 3 Jeremy Grimshaw Canada 281k citations
  4. 4 Hagop M. Kantarjian United States 273k citations
  5. 5 George M. Whitesides United States 267k citations
  6. 6 Wei Huang China 267k citations
  7. 7 Ben Zhong Tang China 261k citations
  8. 8 Amirhossein Sahebkar Iran 258k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation?

The most cited paper in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation is "Fluorine in medicinal chemistry" (Sophie Purser, Peter R. Moore, Steve Swallow et al., 2007), with 7,580 citations. Next come "Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals" (6,486) and "Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011)" (4,838).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Fluorine in medicinal chemistry Sophie Purser, Peter R. Moore, Steve Swallow et al. · Chemical Society Reviews Review 13 Dec 2007 7,580
2 Analysis of the Structural Diversity, Substitution Patterns, and Frequency of Nitrogen Heterocycles among U.S. FDA Approved Pharmaceuticals Edon Vitaku, David T. Smith, Jón T. Njardarson · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 25 Sep 2014 6,486
3 Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011) Jiang Wang, María Sánchez‐Roselló, José Luis Aceña et al. · Chemical Reviews Review 3 Dec 2013 4,838
4 The Many Roles for Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry William K. Hagmann · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Open access 21 Jun 2008 3,617
5 Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II–III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas Yu Chang Zhou, Jiang Wang, Zhanni Gu et al. · Chemical Reviews Review 12 Jan 2016 2,807
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research done?

The largest centres of Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research in 2022-now are Moscow (Russia), Beijing (China), Hyderabad (India) and Cairo (Egypt). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Visakhapatnam.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 MoscowRussia 105 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 91 works
  3. 3 HyderabadIndia 67 works
  4. 4 CairoEgypt 64 works
  5. 5 ShanghaiChina 60 works
  6. 6 GizaEgypt 57 works
  7. 7 New DelhiIndia 49 works
  8. 8 NanjingChina 45 works
  9. 9 TehranIran 42 works
  10. 10 YekaterinburgRussia 40 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. VisakhapatnamIN · 20.7 works12×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation than the world average.

See Synthesis and Biological Evaluation on the map

Where is the best place to study Synthesis and Biological Evaluation?

Among universities, judged by research, Al-Azhar University, Cairo University and King Saud University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 18.97%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Al-Azhar UniversityCairo UniversityGuizhou UniversityKing Saud University
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Al-Azhar UniversityEgypt 84.229.6%15.1×23 +2.8%
2Cairo UniversityEgypt 77.721.2%9.9×30 +39.0%
3King Saud UniversitySaudi Arabia 73.415.7%5.6×22 +39.1%
4Guizhou UniversityChina 72.917.9%11.1×23 +184.1%
5King Khalid UniversitySaudi Arabia 62.719.0%7.5×11 +19.4%
6Vellore Institute of Technology UniversityIndia 59.116.3%4.7×18 +28.3%
7Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchIndia 58.78.1%16.9×21 +64.1%
8Nankai UniversityChina 58.627.5%4.3×12 +10.7%
9Lovely Professional UniversityIndia 56.813.3%7.5×14 +300.2%
10University of MosulIraq 56.321.1%8.3×12 +104.2%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation, country by country

Is Synthesis and Biological Evaluation research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 0% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2010. The fastest-growing topics are Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.022% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%0.15%Synthesis and Biological Evaluation0.017% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Synthesis and Biological Evaluation over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Synthesis and Biological Evaluation10.1% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Posts are plain text and can be reported.