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Research in Kaohsiung City

Science Explorer records 35 research institutions in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The highest-ranked on research quality in 2022-now are National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung Medical University and I-Shou University.

Research institutions
35
15 of them ranked worldwide
Research works
85k
▲ 10% vs 2018-21
Citations
1.5M
17.6 per fractional work, all time
Top-10% rate, 2022-now
16.5%
all institutions 10.0%
Active span
1950-2026
77 years on the record

A city carries no overall standing here. The quality score is built for institutions and countries, the units its floors and field normalisation were designed around. An empty rank on this page is a statement about the measure, not about the place.

Which research institutions are in Kaohsiung City?

#InstitutionWorksAgainst the largest hereWorld rank
1National Sun Yat-sen UniversityUniversity 19,643 #1,152
2Kaohsiung Medical UniversityUniversity 17,250 #1,681
3I-Shou UniversityUniversity 7,360 #3,195
4Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalHospital / health system 5,533 #10,178
5National University of KaohsiungUniversity 3,663 #9,039
6National Kaohsiung University of Applied SciencesUniversity 3,351 #13,316
7Kao Yuan UniversityUniversity 3,144 #17,369 all time
8National Kaohsiung First University of Science and TechnologyUniversity 2,591 #15,533
9Kaohsiung Veterans General HospitalFunder 2,572 #11,681
10Tung Fang Design InstituteUniversity 2,338 #20,130 all time
11Fo Guang ShanUniversity 2,306 #34,109 all time
12National Kaohsiung Normal UniversityUniversity 2,055 #8,053
13National Kaohsiung Marine UniversityUniversity 2,034 #7,584
14Cheng Shiu UniversityUniversity 1,937 #7,727
15Fooyin UniversityUniversity 1,270 #13,897
16R.O.C Military AcademyGovernment institution 1,165 #13,180
17Shu-Te UniversityUniversity 1,032 #13,550
18Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (Taiwan)Company 827 #14,734
19China Steel (Taiwan)Company 716 #21,255
20Kaohsiung Armed Forces General HospitalHospital / health system 589 #13,096
21National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and TourismHospital / health system 538 #10,786
22Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung HospitalHospital / health system 502 #17,968
23Metal Industries Research & Development CentreNonprofit 490 #21,795
24Fortune Institute of TechnologyUniversity 349 #21,374 all time
25Wenzao Ursuline University of LanguagesUniversity 341 #20,075
26Fisheries AgencyGovernment institution 305 #20,722
27Yuan's General HospitalHospital / health system 303 #27,627 all time
28Republic of China Naval AcademyGovernment institution 273 #23,235 all time
29Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric HospitalHospital / health system 155 #33,084 all time
30Zuoying Armed Forces General HospitalHospital / health system 124 #34,112 all time
31Formosa Plastics (Taiwan)Company 105 not ranked
32Open University of KaohsiungUniversity 52 not ranked
33Sunonwealth Electric Machine Industry (Taiwan)Company 20 not ranked
34Kaohsiung Breast Cancer Promotion and Education SocietyInstitution 1 not ranked
35Yin Huo Health AssociationInstitution 0 not ranked

By fractional works over the whole record; world rank on research quality in 2022-now. Bars are scaled to the largest institution in this city, not to anything off the page.

How concentrated the city is

The same institutions as shares of everything the list accounts for. A city that is one university and a city that is twelve read alike as a table and not at all alike here.

National Sun Yat-sen University: 23.1%Kaohsiung Medical University: 20.3%I-Shou University: 8.7%Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital: 6.5%30 others listed: 41.4%23%largest
National Sun Yat-sen University20k · 23.1%Kaohsiung Medical University17k · 20.3%I-Shou University7,360 · 8.7%Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital5,533 · 6.5%30 others listed35k · 41.4%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which fields of science does Kaohsiung City work in?

In 2022-now, 38% of research in Kaohsiung City is in Physical Sciences, 35% in Health Sciences. Its largest fields are Medicine (32%), Engineering (16%), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (8%). It does 1.5× the world's share of Health Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 5,198 fractional works · 38.3% of its workEngineering: 2,171 fractional works · 16.0% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 892 fractional works · 6.6% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 360 fractional works · 2.7% of its workMechanical Engineering: 227 fractional works · 1.7% of its workAerospace Engineering: 120 fractional works · 0.9% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 114 fractional works · 0.8% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 78 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMechanics of Materials: 64 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 64 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 55 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputational Mechanics: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBuilding and Construction: 48 fractional works · 0.4% of its workOcean Engineering: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMedia Technology: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 17 fractional works · 0.1% of its workComputer Science: 850 fractional works · 6.3% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 287 fractional works · 2.1% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 140 fractional works · 1.0% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 126 fractional works · 0.9% of its workInformation Systems: 109 fractional works · 0.8% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 57 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSignal Processing: 46 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 85 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMaterials Science: 646 fractional works · 4.8% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 354 fractional works · 2.6% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 110 fractional works · 0.8% of its workBiomaterials: 78 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 76 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 29 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnvironmental Science: 627 fractional works · 4.6% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 154 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEcology: 87 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPollution: 70 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 61 fractional works · 0.5% of its workWater Science and Technology: 54 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 38 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNature and Landscape Conservation: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnvironmental Chemistry: 30 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.0% of its workChemistry: 300 fractional works · 2.2% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 178 fractional works · 1.3% of its workInorganic Chemistry: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSpectroscopy: 34 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 184 fractional works · 1.4% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 94 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCondensed Matter Physics: 28 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 62 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 131 fractional works · 1.0% of its workOceanography: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAtmospheric Science: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnergy: 124 fractional works · 0.9% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 116 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.1% of its workMathematics: 107 fractional works · 0.8% of its workChemical Engineering: 58 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHealth Sciences: 4,717 fractional works · 34.8% of its workMedicine: 4,302 fractional works · 31.7% of its workSurgery: 628 fractional works · 4.6% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 390 fractional works · 2.9% of its workEpidemiology: 347 fractional works · 2.6% of its workOncology: 284 fractional works · 2.1% of its workPhysiology: 194 fractional works · 1.4% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 193 fractional works · 1.4% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 145 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 144 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 138 fractional works · 1.0% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 136 fractional works · 1.0% of its workNeurology: 123 fractional works · 0.9% of its workInfectious Diseases: 122 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 121 fractional works · 0.9% of its workRheumatology: 112 fractional works · 0.8% of its workHepatology: 109 fractional works · 0.8% of its workNephrology: 100 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPharmacology: 90 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 89 fractional works · 0.7% of its workDermatology: 83 fractional works · 0.6% of its workOphthalmology: 62 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOrthopedics and Sports Medicine: 61 fractional works · 0.5% of its workObstetrics and Gynecology: 56 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 55 fractional works · 0.4% of its workRehabilitation: 51 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEmergency Medicine: 48 fractional works · 0.4% of its workUrology: 46 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGenetics: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHematology: 43 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOtorhinolaryngology: 40 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCritical Care and Intensive Care Medicine: 38 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAnesthesiology and Pain Medicine: 34 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGastroenterology: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workReproductive Medicine: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workGeriatrics and Gerontology: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 80 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHealth Professions: 227 fractional works · 1.7% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 91 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 28 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 108 fractional works · 0.8% of its workDentistry: 113 fractional works · 0.8% of its workOral Surgery: 49 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPeriodontics: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNursing: 68 fractional works · 0.5% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 53 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 15 fractional works · 0.1% of its workVeterinary: 8 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 1,846 fractional works · 13.6% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1,038 fractional works · 7.6% of its workMolecular Biology: 582 fractional works · 4.3% of its workCancer Research: 129 fractional works · 1.0% of its workGenetics: 97 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCell Biology: 63 fractional works · 0.5% of its workBiotechnology: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workBiochemistry: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMolecular Medicine: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 63 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 300 fractional works · 2.2% of its workPlant Science: 89 fractional works · 0.7% of its workFood Science: 62 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAquatic Science: 50 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 38 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 60 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNeuroscience: 259 fractional works · 1.9% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 89 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNeurology: 51 fractional works · 0.4% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 71 fractional works · 0.5% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 169 fractional works · 1.2% of its workImmunology: 120 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 49 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 81 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPharmacology: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 36 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 1,809 fractional works · 13.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 690 fractional works · 5.1% of its workSociology and Political Science: 296 fractional works · 2.2% of its workEducation: 123 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDemography: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workCommunication: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHealth: 30 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 133 fractional works · 1.0% of its workPsychology: 367 fractional works · 2.7% of its workSocial Psychology: 115 fractional works · 0.8% of its workClinical Psychology: 105 fractional works · 0.8% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 71 fractional works · 0.5% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 49 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 323 fractional works · 2.4% of its workMarketing: 86 fractional works · 0.6% of its workStrategy and Management: 73 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 67 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAccounting: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 60 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 168 fractional works · 1.2% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 110 fractional works · 0.8% of its workFinance: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 17 fractional works · 0.1% of its workDecision Sciences: 133 fractional works · 1.0% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 66 fractional works · 0.5% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 43 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 25 fractional works · 0.2% of its workArts and Humanities: 128 fractional works · 0.9% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 34 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 49 fractional works · 0.4% of its workALL ITS WORKKaohsiung City14kfractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences14%Physical Sciences38%Health Sciences35%Social Sciences13%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this city does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering2,17116.0%
    2. Computer Science8506.3%
    3. Materials Science6464.8%
    4. Environmental Science6274.6%
    5. Chemistry3002.2%
    6. Physics and Astronomy1841.4%
    7. Earth and Planetary Sciences1311.0%
    8. Energy1240.9%
    9. Mathematics1070.8%
    10. Chemical Engineering580.4%
  1. Health Sciences4,71734.8%
    1. Medicine4,30231.7%
    2. Health Professions2271.7%
    3. Dentistry1130.8%
    4. Nursing680.5%
    5. Veterinary80.1%
  2. Life Sciences1,84613.6%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology1,0387.6%
    2. Agricultural and Biological Sciences3002.2%
    3. Neuroscience2591.9%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology1691.2%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics810.6%
  3. Social Sciences1,80913.3%
    1. Social Sciences6905.1%
    2. Psychology3672.7%
    3. Business, Management and Accounting3232.4%
    4. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1681.2%
    5. Decision Sciences1331.0%
    6. Arts and Humanities1280.9%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What is Kaohsiung City strongest at in research?

Relative to its size, research in Kaohsiung City is most concentrated in Hepatology, Nephrology and Otorhinolaryngology (4.2× the world share in Hepatology).

  1. HepatologySubfield · 95.6 works4.2×
  2. NephrologySubfield · 83.3 works3.2×
  3. OtorhinolaryngologySubfield · 34.2 works2.9×
  4. BiochemistrySubfield · 27.7 works2.8×
  5. UrologySubfield · 39.6 works2.7×
  6. Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineSubfield · 29.2 works2.2×
  7. DermatologySubfield · 69.6 works2.2×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient against the world baseline. Inside a single field a city is a meaningful unit, which is why this is where a city is measured at all.

The whole field profile

All 26 fields at once: above the ring is more than a place this size would be expected to do. A specialist and a generalist produce the same ranked list and a completely different shape.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.47× its world share, 267 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1.43× its world share, 913 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 1.21× its world share, 146 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 1.16× its world share, 225 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1.71× its world share, 72 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 1.18× its world share, 49 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 1.40× its world share, 263 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.81× its world share, 755 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.59× its world share, 112 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.98× its world share, 108 worksEnergyEngineering: 1.09× its world share, 1,948 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.93× its world share, 553 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.35× its world share, 561 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.70× its world share, 98 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.63× its world share, 168 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 1.79× its world share, 104 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.63× its world share, 200 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 1.64× its world share, 3,772 worksMedicineNursing: 0.99× its world share, 58 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.47× its world share, 8 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.33× its world share, 113 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.74× its world share, 284 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.04× its world share, 120 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.59× its world share, 150 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.87× its world share, 316 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.39× its world share, 593 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Dentistry, 1.8×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Dentistry1.79×104 works
  2. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics1.71×72 works
  3. Medicine1.64×3,772 works
  4. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology1.43×913 works
  5. Chemistry1.40×263 works
  6. Materials Science1.35×561 works
  7. Immunology and Microbiology1.21×146 works
  8. Chemical Engineering1.18×49 works
  9. Neuroscience1.16×225 works
  10. Engineering1.09×1,948 works
  11. Decision Sciences1.04×120 works
  12. Nursing0.99×58 works
  13. Energy0.98×108 works
  14. Environmental Science0.93×553 works
  15. Psychology0.87×316 works
  16. Computer Science0.81×755 works
  17. Business, Management and Accounting0.74×284 works
  18. Mathematics0.70×98 works
  19. Physics and Astronomy0.63×168 works
  20. Health Professions0.63×200 works
  21. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.59×112 works
  22. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.59×150 works
  23. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.47×267 works
  24. Veterinary0.47×8 works
  25. Social Sciences0.39×593 works
  26. Arts and Humanities0.33×113 works

Which keywords describe research in Kaohsiung City?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Epidemiology, Inflammation, Cancer, Oxidative Stress, Cardiovascular Disease, Treatment, Deep Learning and Metabolic Syndrome.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this city's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology796▲ 1.47×132 topics
  2. Inflammation575▲ 1.99×83 topics
  3. Deep Learning438◆ 0.94×83 topics
  4. Oxidative Stress395▲ 1.77×62 topics
  5. Cancer375▲ 2.0×59 topics
  6. Machine Learning351▼ 0.78×91 topics
  7. Cardiovascular Disease322▲ 2.1×38 topics
  8. Treatment304▲ 1.84×51 topics
  9. Quality of Life284▲ 1.45×53 topics
  10. Metabolic Syndrome238▲ 2.2×23 topics
  11. Biomedical Applications227▲ 1.42×36 topics
  12. Nanoparticles227▲ 1.33×43 topics
  13. Chemotherapy226▲ 2.3×25 topics
  14. Nanomaterials225▲ 1.58×20 topics
  15. Management216▲ 1.99×35 topics
  16. Diagnosis215▲ 1.70×41 topics
  17. Biomarkers183▲ 1.93×18 topics
  18. Mortality174▲ 2.3×13 topics
  19. Clinical Practice Guidelines160▲ 2.1×14 topics
  20. Immune Response155▲ 2.0×23 topics
  21. Catalysis154▲ 1.70×27 topics
  22. Immunotherapy153▲ 1.56×19 topics
  23. Graphene153▲ 1.67×11 topics
  24. Aging149▲ 2.0×18 topics
  25. Antioxidant144▲ 1.54×50 topics
  26. Insulin Resistance142▲ 2.3×10 topics
  27. Tumor Microenvironment139▲ 2.3×8 topics
  28. Health Effects138▲ 1.68×22 topics
  29. Diabetes138▲ 2.0×21 topics
  30. Global Burden137▲ 1.85×12 topics
  31. Cancer Therapy136▲ 1.77×20 topics
  32. Biosensors135▲ 2.0×12 topics
  33. Complications130▲ 1.93×17 topics
  34. Radiotherapy125▲ 2.3×13 topics
  35. Hepatocellular Carcinoma121▲ 4.4×4 topics
  36. Nanostructures120▲ 2.2×16 topics
  37. Apoptosis114▲ 2.7×22 topics
  38. Chronic Kidney Disease110▲ 3.2×9 topics
  39. Semiconductors106▲ 2.7×4 topics
  40. Liver Disease76▲ 6.2×3 topics

What research is done in Kaohsiung City?

  1. 1 Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Epidemiology 54 works
  2. 2 Digital Marketing and Social Media Sociology and Political Science 47 works
  3. 3 Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 42 works
  4. 4 Air Quality and Health Impacts Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis 40 works
  5. 5 Semiconductor materials and devices Electrical and Electronic Engineering 39 works
  6. 6 Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors Electrical and Electronic Engineering 39 works
  7. 7 Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques Molecular Biology 36 works
  8. 8 Photonic and Optical Devices Electrical and Electronic Engineering 35 works
  9. 9 3D IC and TSV technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34 works
  10. 10 Technology Adoption and User Behaviour Information Systems and Management 34 works

Research output over time

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%Kaohsiung City15.6% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 19.8% in 2016.

Discussion

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