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Greece vs Italy

On research quality in 2022-now, Italy ranks #11 in the world and Greece #34, of 189 countries. Greece stands higher in 0 of the 26 fields both publish in, Italy in 26.

Research profiles alike: 0.55similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Greece

World rank, 2022-now
#34
#34 all time
Works, 2022-now
88k
fractional
Top-10% rate
11.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
42%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Space and Planetary Science, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Classics.

Italy

World rank, 2022-now
#11
#13 all time
Works, 2022-now
479k
fractional
Top-10% rate
12.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
43%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Industrial relations, General Arts and Humanities, Space and Planetary Science.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Italy leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate and citations per work. Greece leads on 2 of 9 measures: international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100 and open access.

Greece 22 level5 Italy
  1. #34Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#11
  2. 1.09×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.29×
  3. 88kOutputfractional works, 2022-now479k
  4. 11.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited12.8%
  5. 19.9Citations per workall time, per fractional work22.5
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 42%Open accessof its works free to read, all time43%
  8. 25%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time23%
  9. +18%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+10%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Greece stands higher in 0 of 26 fields, Italy in 26. Italy leads most in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (#14 against #36). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Greece 026 Italy
  1. #35Agricultural and Biological Sciences#11
  2. #41Arts and Humanities#12
  3. #29Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#16
  4. #35Business, Management and Accounting#9
  5. #31Chemical Engineering#19
  6. #32Chemistry#16
  7. #33Computer Science#11
  8. #36Decision Sciences#13
  9. #35Dentistry#7
  10. #42Earth and Planetary Sciences#11
  11. #35Economics, Econometrics and Finance#11
  12. #39Energy#12
  13. #34Engineering#12
  14. #35Environmental Science#12
  15. #34Health Professions#12
  16. #35Immunology and Microbiology#11
  17. #38Materials Science#16
  18. #37Mathematics#6
  19. #32Medicine#13
  20. #31Neuroscience#10
  21. #37Nursing#12
  22. #36Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#14
  23. #37Physics and Astronomy#7
  24. #32Psychology#13
  25. #41Social Sciences#14
  26. -Veterinary#12

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Greece rankItaly rank Greece top 10%Italy top 10% Greece worksItaly works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #35 #11 14.3% 15.7% 3.6k 17k
Arts and Humanities #41 #12 11.2% 10.2% 2.4k 19k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #29 #16 10.8% 11.8% 4.2k 29k
Business, Management and Accounting #35 #9 14.6% 16.7% 2.6k 12k
Chemical Engineering #31 #19 9.7% 8.6% 225 1.5k
Chemistry #32 #16 10.3% 9.8% 1k 5.7k
Computer Science #33 #11 12.0% 11.2% 8k 30k
Decision Sciences #36 #13 12.8% 12.7% 1.1k 3.8k
Dentistry #35 #7 14.5% 21.7% 444 2.6k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #42 #11 10.4% 11.0% 1.7k 10k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #35 #11 13.2% 12.5% 2.4k 11k
Energy #39 #12 10.9% 10.0% 776 2.9k
Engineering #34 #12 11.0% 10.2% 12k 67k
Environmental Science #35 #12 10.3% 11.2% 5.1k 23k
Health Professions #34 #12 13.4% 15.6% 1.8k 8.1k
Immunology and Microbiology #35 #11 11.6% 12.9% 916 5.3k
Materials Science #38 #16 8.2% 8.6% 1.8k 11k
Mathematics #37 #6 10.0% 12.1% 955 7.2k
Medicine #32 #13 12.5% 15.4% 22k 129k
Neuroscience #31 #10 11.3% 12.5% 1.4k 11k
Nursing #37 #12 14.7% 15.2% 381 2.1k
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #36 #14 12.2% 13.6% 203 1.2k
Physics and Astronomy #37 #7 8.7% 10.5% 1.9k 18k
Psychology #32 #13 12.6% 14.7% 3.1k 14k
Social Sciences #41 #14 11.8% 11.9% 7.5k 37k
Veterinary - #12 - 15.3% - 912

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Greece

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology4,737▲ 1.17×139 topics
  2. Machine Learning3,790◆ 1.12×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning3,640◆ 1.04×85 topics
  4. Climate Change3,422▲ 1.24×126 topics
  5. Sustainability2,897▲ 1.17×132 topics
  6. Inflammation2,616▲ 1.21×83 topics
  7. Cardiovascular Disease2,002▲ 1.73×39 topics
  8. Environmental Impact1,943◆ 1.12×72 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,768▲ 1.21×61 topics
  10. Oxidative Stress1,690◆ 1.01×63 topics
  11. Neural Networks1,668◆ 1.07×42 topics
  12. Quality of Life1,614◆ 1.10×61 topics
  13. Treatment1,589▲ 1.29×52 topics
  14. Remote Sensing1,569▲ 1.27×42 topics
  15. Risk Factors1,474▲ 1.32×37 topics
  16. Globalization1,385▼ 0.70×176 topics
  17. Big Data1,345▲ 1.39×37 topics
  18. Diagnosis1,336▲ 1.41×41 topics
  19. Artificial Intelligence1,301◆ 0.90×67 topics
  20. Metabolic Syndrome1,276▲ 1.55×24 topics
  21. Energy Efficiency1,266▲ 1.35×44 topics
  22. Public Health1,236▼ 0.84×71 topics
  23. Healthcare1,220◆ 1.05×42 topics
  24. Mental Health1,218▼ 0.84×48 topics
  25. Cancer1,202◆ 0.88×59 topics
  26. Economic Growth1,166▲ 1.41×36 topics
  27. Internet of Things1,106▲ 1.27×33 topics
  28. Biodiversity1,083▲ 1.40×38 topics
  29. Obesity1,075▲ 1.38×29 topics
  30. Management1,039▲ 1.28×40 topics
  31. Genetics1,009▲ 1.41×27 topics
  32. Supply Chain Management1,004◆ 1.10×26 topics
  33. Depression980◆ 1.10×26 topics
  34. Health Effects942▲ 1.53×24 topics
  35. Chemotherapy940▲ 1.31×25 topics
  36. Mortality874▲ 1.52×13 topics
  37. Heart Failure807▲ 1.78×14 topics
  38. Invasive Species777▲ 1.81×21 topics
  39. Guidelines766▲ 1.60×13 topics
  40. Hypertension631▲ 2.1×16 topics

Italy

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology27k▲ 1.22×140 topics
  2. Climate Change16k◆ 1.11×132 topics
  3. Machine Learning15k▼ 0.82×97 topics
  4. Deep Learning15k▼ 0.77×85 topics
  5. Inflammation14k▲ 1.25×83 topics
  6. Sustainability13k◆ 1.00×140 topics
  7. Treatment9,894▲ 1.49×52 topics
  8. Oxidative Stress9,864◆ 1.10×63 topics
  9. Environmental Impact9,329◆ 1.00×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life9,189▲ 1.17×61 topics
  11. Globalization8,884▼ 0.83×186 topics
  12. Cultural Heritage8,644▲ 3.0×40 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease7,916▲ 1.27×39 topics
  14. Diagnosis7,824▲ 1.54×41 topics
  15. Cancer7,806◆ 1.07×59 topics
  16. Remote Sensing7,239◆ 1.09×42 topics
  17. Immunotherapy6,484▲ 1.65×19 topics
  18. Chemotherapy6,439▲ 1.67×25 topics
  19. Risk Factors6,280◆ 1.05×37 topics
  20. Neural Networks6,165▼ 0.73×42 topics
  21. Public Health6,139▼ 0.77×77 topics
  22. Innovation5,919◆ 1.05×90 topics
  23. Genetics5,915▲ 1.54×27 topics
  24. Management5,743▲ 1.32×40 topics
  25. Metabolic Syndrome5,706▲ 1.29×24 topics
  26. Identity5,391▲ 1.37×80 topics
  27. Clinical Trials5,280▲ 1.45×19 topics
  28. Biomarkers5,232▲ 1.38×18 topics
  29. Obesity5,218▲ 1.24×29 topics
  30. Neurological Disorders5,214▲ 1.68×20 topics
  31. Genetic Mutations4,983▲ 2.1×23 topics
  32. Clinical Practice Guidelines4,902▲ 1.64×14 topics
  33. Heart Failure4,469▲ 1.84×14 topics
  34. Prognostic Factors4,419▲ 1.87×14 topics
  35. Guidelines4,360▲ 1.70×13 topics
  36. Literature4,118▲ 1.38×64 topics
  37. Complications4,115▲ 1.52×17 topics
  38. Echocardiography3,514▲ 2.3×8 topics
  39. Urban Planning2,099▲ 4.5×15 topics
  40. Italy1,777▲ 13×2 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Italy has out-published Greece every year since 1980.

still counting50k100k150kItaly124k in 2025Greece24k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting2.0%4.0%Italy2.1% in 2025Greece0.40% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Greece13.0% in 2025Italy12.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Greece 02 level3 Italy
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 50014
  4. 4In the top 1,00038
  5. #32Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#9

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Greece or Italy?

Italy publishes 5.4× as much research as Greece in 2022-now (479k against 88k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Greece or Italy?

12.8% of Italy's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 11.8% for Greece.

Is Greece or Italy growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +18% against 2018-21 for Greece, and +10% for Italy.

Which has more open access research, Greece or Italy?

43% of Italy's research is free to read, against 42% of Greece's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Greece or Italy?

Greece holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Italy 0; in the top 1,000 it is 4 against 38.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Greece

  1. 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens13.0% top 10% · 11k works
  2. 2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki11.4% top 10% · 10k works
  3. 3University of Crete12.1% top 10% · 2.5k works
  4. 4Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas11.8% top 10% · 1.7k works
  5. 5University of Patras12.7% top 10% · 5.6k works
  6. 6University of the Aegean11.7% top 10% · 1.9k works

Italy

  1. 1University of Padua13.0% top 10% · 17k works
  2. 2Sapienza University of Rome12.5% top 10% · 24k works
  3. 3University of Bologna12.5% top 10% · 17k works
  4. 4National Research Council12.6% top 10% · 19k works
  5. 5University of Naples Federico II14.3% top 10% · 15k works
  6. 6University of Turin12.9% top 10% · 11k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Greece

  1. 1 Gerasimos S Filippatos #1,382 worldwide 184k citations · 1,157 works
  2. 2 George V. Dedoussis #2,273 worldwide 40k citations · 83 works
  3. 3 Stamatios Papadakis #2,795 worldwide 10k citations · 195 works
  4. 4 Emmanuel N. Saridakis #4,461 worldwide 21k citations · 379 works
  5. 5 Evangelos Evangelou #7,975 worldwide 37k citations · 351 works

Italy

  1. 1 M. Razzano #143 worldwide 134k citations · 578 works
  2. 2 Stefano Carniani #211 worldwide 17k citations · 427 works
  3. 3 F. Pannarale #213 worldwide 85k citations · 265 works
  4. 4 M. Pesce-Rollins #346 worldwide 55k citations · 464 works
  5. 5 Nicola Segata #448 worldwide 122k citations · 539 works

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