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Iraq vs United States

On research quality in 2022-now, The United States ranks #1 in the world and Iraq #187, of 189 countries. Iraq stands higher in 0 of the 26 fields both publish in, the United States in 26.

Research profiles alike: -0.46different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Iraq

World rank, 2022-now
#187
#177 all time
Works, 2022-now
117k
fractional
Top-10% rate
4.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
78%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Drug Discovery, Numerical Analysis, Algebra and Number Theory.

United States

World rank, 2022-now
#1
#1 all time
Works, 2022-now
3.1M
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
33%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Transplantation, Library and Information Sciences, Medical Terminology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

The United States leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, citations per work and institutions in the world top 100. Iraq leads on 3 of 9 measures: open access, international co-authorship and growth.

Iraq 36 United States
  1. #187Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#1
  2. 0.43×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.02×
  3. 117kOutputfractional works, 2022-now3.1M
  4. 4.7%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited10.8%
  5. 5.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work33.4
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 10029
  7. 78%Open accessof its works free to read, all time33%
  8. 15%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time14%
  9. +87%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-1%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Iraq stands higher in 0 of 26 fields, United States in 26. The United States leads most in Social Sciences (#1 against #148). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Iraq 026 United States
  1. #122Agricultural and Biological Sciences#2
  2. #103Arts and Humanities#1
  3. #103Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#1
  4. #108Business, Management and Accounting#1
  5. #43Chemical Engineering#2
  6. #68Chemistry#2
  7. #125Computer Science#1
  8. #76Decision Sciences#1
  9. #62Dentistry#2
  10. #78Earth and Planetary Sciences#1
  11. #107Economics, Econometrics and Finance#1
  12. #67Energy#2
  13. #106Engineering#2
  14. #120Environmental Science#2
  15. #105Health Professions#1
  16. #71Immunology and Microbiology#1
  17. #83Materials Science#2
  18. #80Mathematics#1
  19. #150Medicine#1
  20. #71Neuroscience#1
  21. #64Nursing#2
  22. #44Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#2
  23. #75Physics and Astronomy#1
  24. #106Psychology#1
  25. #148Social Sciences#1
  26. #30Veterinary#1

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Iraq rankUnited States rank Iraq top 10%United States top 10% Iraq worksUnited States works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #122 #2 3.1% 10.9% 8.3k 82k
Arts and Humanities #103 #1 5.7% 10.6% 3.3k 85k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #103 #1 3.0% 11.2% 5.5k 215k
Business, Management and Accounting #108 #1 5.7% 11.4% 2.8k 60k
Chemical Engineering #43 #2 5.7% 9.0% 348 6.8k
Chemistry #68 #2 6.4% 11.0% 3.2k 31k
Computer Science #125 #1 6.5% 11.1% 11k 181k
Decision Sciences #76 #1 6.2% 10.1% 1.3k 30k
Dentistry #62 #2 2.8% 12.0% 1.6k 9.1k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #78 #1 3.6% 10.7% 1.2k 56k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #107 #1 3.6% 11.1% 1.6k 66k
Energy #67 #2 7.8% 9.5% 1.5k 12k
Engineering #106 #2 5.7% 9.3% 22k 301k
Environmental Science #120 #2 4.6% 10.3% 5.7k 125k
Health Professions #105 #1 5.1% 10.2% 2.8k 105k
Immunology and Microbiology #71 #1 1.5% 11.4% 1.7k 43k
Materials Science #83 #2 7.3% 9.9% 5.2k 57k
Mathematics #80 #1 6.0% 11.0% 2.3k 36k
Medicine #150 #1 2.9% 11.2% 18k 885k
Neuroscience #71 #1 5.6% 10.6% 1.1k 79k
Nursing #64 #2 2.2% 10.3% 826 14k
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #44 #2 4.6% 11.2% 861 8.9k
Physics and Astronomy #75 #1 5.7% 12.2% 1.3k 87k
Psychology #106 #1 3.3% 10.3% 2.3k 137k
Social Sciences #148 #1 4.0% 10.6% 10k 333k
Veterinary #30 #1 1.4% 10.4% 210 5.9k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Iraq

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning6,208▲ 1.43×97 topics
  2. Deep Learning6,012▲ 1.33×85 topics
  3. Epidemiology5,468◆ 1.05×137 topics
  4. Inflammation3,503▲ 1.26×83 topics
  5. Nanoparticles3,313▲ 2.0×44 topics
  6. Environmental Impact3,295▲ 1.48×73 topics
  7. Oxidative Stress2,705▲ 1.26×63 topics
  8. Nanomaterials2,429▲ 1.78×21 topics
  9. Renewable Energy2,256▲ 1.19×61 topics
  10. Antioxidant2,179▲ 2.4×51 topics
  11. Remote Sensing2,135▲ 1.34×40 topics
  12. Mechanical Properties2,134▲ 1.67×39 topics
  13. Culture2,006▲ 2.9×40 topics
  14. Literature2,004▲ 2.8×60 topics
  15. History1,885▲ 2.1×57 topics
  16. Philosophy1,819▲ 3.1×41 topics
  17. Islam1,756▲ 6.5×5 topics
  18. Ethnicity1,752▲ 3.6×23 topics
  19. Toxicity1,738▲ 3.1×20 topics
  20. Synthesis1,692▲ 3.5×36 topics
  21. Social Influence1,656▲ 6.0×3 topics
  22. Antioxidant Activity1,634▲ 2.0×32 topics
  23. Science1,632▲ 5.1×10 topics
  24. Sharia Law1,610▲ 8.6×2 topics
  25. Malay Language1,609▲ 8.8×1 topic
  26. Heat Transfer1,598▲ 2.5×20 topics
  27. Artificial Neural Networks1,524▲ 2.6×10 topics
  28. Economic Security1,374▲ 5.0×7 topics
  29. Legal Regulation1,348▲ 4.6×8 topics
  30. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles1,328▲ 5.4×5 topics
  31. Strategic Planning1,280▲ 6.7×5 topics
  32. Design1,279▲ 6.0×6 topics
  33. Modernization1,265▲ 5.3×5 topics
  34. International Trade Law1,254▲ 7.3×2 topics
  35. Foresight1,252▲ 7.3×2 topics
  36. Public Oversight1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  37. Transport Policy1,248▲ 7.8×1 topic
  38. Air Force1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  39. Warfare1,245▲ 8.1×1 topic
  40. Recycled Materials923▲ 6.3×2 topics

United States

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology202k▲ 1.44×140 topics
  2. Machine Learning103k◆ 0.88×97 topics
  3. Climate Change93k◆ 0.97×132 topics
  4. Inflammation90k▲ 1.21×83 topics
  5. Deep Learning90k▼ 0.74×85 topics
  6. Mental Health74k▲ 1.47×48 topics
  7. Quality of Life68k▲ 1.34×61 topics
  8. Public Health67k▲ 1.32×77 topics
  9. Oxidative Stress62k◆ 1.07×63 topics
  10. Treatment60k▲ 1.41×52 topics
  11. Risk Factors60k▲ 1.56×37 topics
  12. Globalization59k▼ 0.85×186 topics
  13. Sustainability53k▼ 0.62×140 topics
  14. Cardiovascular Disease52k▲ 1.29×39 topics
  15. Cancer50k◆ 1.07×59 topics
  16. Diagnosis47k▲ 1.43×41 topics
  17. Depression46k▲ 1.49×26 topics
  18. Immunotherapy43k▲ 1.71×19 topics
  19. Healthcare41k◆ 1.03×44 topics
  20. Chemotherapy37k▲ 1.47×25 topics
  21. Management36k▲ 1.29×40 topics
  22. Genetics36k▲ 1.45×27 topics
  23. Metabolic Syndrome36k▲ 1.26×24 topics
  24. Biomarkers35k▲ 1.45×18 topics
  25. Clinical Trials35k▲ 1.49×19 topics
  26. Big Data34k◆ 1.02×37 topics
  27. Neurological Disorders33k▲ 1.65×20 topics
  28. Obesity33k▲ 1.22×29 topics
  29. History31k▲ 1.28×66 topics
  30. Mortality31k▲ 1.56×13 topics
  31. Aging29k▲ 1.54×19 topics
  32. Social Support29k▲ 1.52×20 topics
  33. Complications29k▲ 1.64×17 topics
  34. Guidelines28k▲ 1.68×13 topics
  35. Heart Failure28k▲ 1.76×14 topics
  36. Genetic Mutations27k▲ 1.75×23 topics
  37. Prognostic Factors26k▲ 1.71×14 topics
  38. Anxiety26k▲ 1.56×12 topics
  39. Primary Care23k▲ 1.80×15 topics
  40. Health Disparities22k▲ 2.4×9 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

The United States has out-published Iraq every year since 1980.

still counting500k1MUnited States805k in 2025Iraq31k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting20%40%60%United States14% in 2025Iraq0.52% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%United States10.3% in 2025Iraq5.1% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Iraq 05 United States
  1. 0In the world top 5019
  2. 0In the top 10029
  3. 0In the top 500127
  4. 0In the top 1,000220
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#1

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Iraq or United States?

The United States publishes 26.2× as much research as Iraq in 2022-now (3.1M against 117k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Iraq or United States?

10.8% of the United States's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 4.7% for Iraq.

Is Iraq or United States growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +87% against 2018-21 for Iraq, and -1% for the United States.

Which has more open access research, Iraq or United States?

78% of Iraq's research is free to read, against 33% of the United States's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Iraq or United States?

The United States holds 29 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Iraq 0; in the top 1,000 it is 220 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Iraq

  1. 1University of Raparin11.5% top 10% · 638 works
  2. 2Koya University6.8% top 10% · 879 works
  3. 3University of Technology - Iraq6.5% top 10% · 4.7k works
  4. 4Tishk International University11.6% top 10% · 1k works
  5. 5Duhok Polytechnic University10.3% top 10% · 627 works
  6. 6Kurdistan Regional Government8.8% top 10% · 960 works

United States

  1. 1Harvard University16.7% top 10% · 66k works
  2. 2Stanford University15.8% top 10% · 31k works
  3. 3Massachusetts Institute of Technology16.9% top 10% · 15k works
  4. 4Cornell University13.8% top 10% · 27k works
  5. 5Columbia University13.3% top 10% · 23k works
  6. 6Johns Hopkins University13.6% top 10% · 32k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Iraq

  1. 1 Aso Mohammad Darwesh #14,894 worldwide 51k citations · 121 works
  2. 2 Ahmed Omar Bali #18,851 worldwide 46k citations · 89 works
  3. 3 Mokhtar Mohammadi #20,512 worldwide 15k citations · 151 works
  4. 4 Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed #24,716 worldwide 7.1k citations · 192 works
  5. 5 Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem #24,839 worldwide 6.4k citations · 111 works

United States

  1. 1 Gad A. Getz #1 worldwide 364k citations · 1,873 works
  2. 2 Simon Iain Hay #3 worldwide 452k citations · 930 works
  3. 3 Menachem Elimelech #4 worldwide 151k citations · 747 works
  4. 4 Zhong Lin Wang #5 worldwide 491k citations · 3,935 works
  5. 5 Christopher J L Murray #7 worldwide 583k citations · 1,001 works

Other comparisons

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