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Pakistan vs Rwanda

On research quality in 2022-now, Rwanda ranks #69 in the world and Pakistan #72, of 189 countries. Pakistan stands higher in 23 of the 25 fields both publish in, Rwanda in 2.

Research profiles alike: 0.17somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Pakistan

World rank, 2022-now
#72
#63 all time
Works, 2022-now
170k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
61%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Dentistry, Drug Discovery, Modeling and Simulation.

Rwanda

World rank, 2022-now
#69
#72 all time
Works, 2022-now
4.6k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.2%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
73%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Chemical Health and Safety, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Developmental Biology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Rwanda leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Pakistan leads on 2 of 9 measures: output and citations per work. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Pakistan 21 level6 Rwanda
  1. #72Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#69
  2. 0.69×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.99×
  3. 170kOutputfractional works, 2022-now4.6k
  4. 8.5%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited10.2%
  5. 12.2Citations per workall time, per fractional work8.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 61%Open accessof its works free to read, all time73%
  8. 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time57%
  9. +50%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+111%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Pakistan stands higher in 23 of 25 fields, Rwanda in 2. Pakistan leads most in Engineering (#49 against #81); Rwanda leads most in Medicine (#56 against #100). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Pakistan 232 Rwanda
  1. #58Agricultural and Biological Sciences#68
  2. #78Arts and Humanities-
  3. #65Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-
  4. #64Business, Management and Accounting#78
  5. #36Chemical Engineering-
  6. #40Chemistry-
  7. #49Computer Science#75
  8. #46Decision Sciences-
  9. #54Dentistry-
  10. #54Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  11. #63Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  12. #38Energy-
  13. #49Engineering#81
  14. #50Environmental Science#56
  15. #67Health Professions-
  16. #62Immunology and Microbiology-
  17. #42Materials Science-
  18. #42Mathematics-
  19. #100Medicine#56
  20. #63Neuroscience-
  21. #60Nursing-
  22. #38Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #48Physics and Astronomy-
  24. #83Psychology-
  25. #96Social Sciences#70

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Pakistan rankRwanda rank Pakistan top 10%Rwanda top 10% Pakistan worksRwanda works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #58 #68 10.5% 13.9% 12k 263
Arts and Humanities #78 - 7.2% - 3.5k -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #65 - 6.6% - 7.7k -
Business, Management and Accounting #64 #78 10.6% 5.4% 6.8k 221
Chemical Engineering #36 - 14.5% - 472 -
Chemistry #40 - 13.5% - 2.7k -
Computer Science #49 #75 13.3% 9.3% 11k 301
Decision Sciences #46 - 13.2% - 2.1k -
Dentistry #54 - 4.1% - 1.6k -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #54 - 12.5% - 1k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #63 - 8.9% - 5k -
Energy #38 - 11.2% - 2k -
Engineering #49 #81 12.6% 8.8% 18k 331
Environmental Science #50 #56 10.5% 9.0% 6.9k 374
Health Professions #67 - 7.0% - 4.2k -
Immunology and Microbiology #62 - 5.5% - 1.5k -
Materials Science #42 - 10.8% - 6.4k -
Mathematics #42 - 17.8% - 2.7k -
Medicine #100 #56 4.2% 10.4% 41k 890
Neuroscience #63 - 7.2% - 1.6k -
Nursing #60 - 6.8% - 1.4k -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #38 - 8.2% - 1.1k -
Physics and Astronomy #48 - 14.1% - 2.7k -
Psychology #83 - 4.8% - 6.6k -
Social Sciences #96 #70 6.8% 11.6% 19k 799

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Pakistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology11k▲ 1.46×140 topics
  2. Machine Learning7,392▲ 1.16×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning6,265◆ 0.95×85 topics
  4. Inflammation4,657◆ 1.15×83 topics
  5. Globalization4,341◆ 1.15×168 topics
  6. Oxidative Stress4,170▲ 1.33×63 topics
  7. Climate Change4,164▼ 0.80×123 topics
  8. Mental Health4,103▲ 1.50×48 topics
  9. Environmental Impact3,677◆ 1.13×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life3,491▲ 1.26×60 topics
  11. COVID-193,438▲ 1.38×34 topics
  12. Nanomaterials3,401▲ 1.70×21 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease3,262▲ 1.50×39 topics
  14. Renewable Energy3,241▲ 1.17×58 topics
  15. Treatment3,225▲ 1.39×52 topics
  16. Security3,087▲ 2.4×31 topics
  17. Heat Transfer3,071▲ 3.3×20 topics
  18. Nanoparticles3,028▲ 1.26×44 topics
  19. Social Media3,003◆ 1.14×39 topics
  20. Risk Factors2,945▲ 1.40×37 topics
  21. Depression2,907▲ 1.73×26 topics
  22. Healthcare2,846▲ 1.31×42 topics
  23. Metabolic Syndrome2,569▲ 1.66×24 topics
  24. Antioxidant2,432▲ 1.85×51 topics
  25. Conflict2,333▲ 7.5×11 topics
  26. Toxicity2,031▲ 2.4×20 topics
  27. Leadership1,955▲ 2.1×41 topics
  28. Stress1,951▲ 2.8×11 topics
  29. Reconstruction1,805▲ 5.5×6 topics
  30. Experimental Investigation1,729▲ 8.7×5 topics
  31. Central Asia1,609▲ 12×4 topics
  32. Nation-Building1,573▲ 15×4 topics
  33. State-Building1,569▲ 23×2 topics
  34. Afghanistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  35. Pakistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  36. Review1,287▲ 5.6×5 topics
  37. Viscosity1,162▲ 8.6×4 topics
  38. Nanofluids1,154▲ 7.3×2 topics
  39. Convective Transport1,106▲ 13×1 topic
  40. Enhancement1,106▲ 13×1 topic

Rwanda

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change299▲ 1.99×104 topics
  2. Epidemiology291▲ 1.32×127 topics
  3. Machine Learning221▲ 1.20×84 topics
  4. Sustainability200▲ 1.48×92 topics
  5. Deep Learning169◆ 0.88×79 topics
  6. Education164▲ 1.73×70 topics
  7. Environmental Impact144▲ 1.53×58 topics
  8. Public Health141▲ 1.75×56 topics
  9. Educational Technology133▲ 2.0×30 topics
  10. Globalization129▲ 1.19×75 topics
  11. Remote Sensing123▲ 1.82×40 topics
  12. Supply Chain Management122▲ 2.5×21 topics
  13. Genocide120▲ 41×3 topics
  14. Politics114▲ 7.9×12 topics
  15. Maternal Mortality108▲ 8.7×5 topics
  16. Risk Factors106▲ 1.74×35 topics
  17. Media105▲ 13×5 topics
  18. Middle East105▲ 31×2 topics
  19. Qatar104▲ 104×1 topic
  20. Rwanda104▲ 104×1 topic
  21. Community Health Workers100▲ 20×2 topics
  22. Risk Management94▲ 3.6×14 topics
  23. Health Inequalities92▲ 14×5 topics
  24. Socio-economic Factors89▲ 14×3 topics
  25. Child Mortality89▲ 22×1 topic
  26. Health Systems89▲ 22×1 topic
  27. Teaching Strategies84▲ 5.4×5 topics
  28. Higher Education82▲ 2.8×22 topics
  29. Child Development82▲ 3.6×8 topics
  30. Ethical Considerations75▲ 3.9×15 topics
  31. Global Burden of Disease75▲ 5.5×4 topics
  32. Student Engagement74▲ 3.4×16 topics
  33. Medical Education71▲ 4.8×11 topics
  34. Technology Integration70▲ 4.0×10 topics
  35. Vaccine69▲ 3.1×11 topics
  36. Global Health68▲ 7.9×7 topics
  37. Maternal and Child Undernutrition63▲ 14×1 topic
  38. Water Sanitation Hygiene63▲ 14×1 topic
  39. Poverty Reduction60▲ 8.4×5 topics
  40. Surgical Care46▲ 15×2 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Pakistan has out-published Rwanda every year since 1980.

still counting20k40k60kPakistan50k in 2025Rwanda1,664 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.50%1.0%Pakistan0.86% in 2025Rwanda0.028% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Rwanda11.2% in 2025Pakistan7.4% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Pakistan 05 level0 Rwanda
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Pakistan or Rwanda?

Pakistan publishes 37.3× as much research as Rwanda in 2022-now (170k against 4.6k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Pakistan or Rwanda?

10.2% of Rwanda's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.5% for Pakistan.

Is Pakistan or Rwanda growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +111% against 2018-21 for Rwanda, and +50% for Pakistan.

Which has more open access research, Pakistan or Rwanda?

73% of Rwanda's research is free to read, against 61% of Pakistan's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Pakistan or Rwanda?

Pakistan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Rwanda 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Pakistan

  1. 1University of Management and Technology15.3% top 10% · 2k works
  2. 2COMSATS University Islamabad13.8% top 10% · 4.8k works
  3. 3University of Gujrat10.3% top 10% · 1.8k works
  4. 4Islamia University of Bahawalpur12.8% top 10% · 3.4k works
  5. 5National University of Sciences and Technology13.3% top 10% · 4.2k works
  6. 6Air University15.3% top 10% · 1.2k works

Rwanda

  1. 1University of Rwanda11.0% top 10% · 1.6k works
  2. 2University of Kigali6.7% top 10% · 612 works
  3. 3Ministry of Natural Resources12.5% top 10% · 458 works
  4. 4Rwanda Biomedical Center13.9% top 10% · 207 works
  5. 5University of Global Health Equity13.5% top 10% · 218 works
  6. 6Ministry of Education12.9% top 10% · 231 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Pakistan

  1. 1 Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz #447 worldwide 62k citations · 849 works
  2. 2 Muhammad Faisal Irfan #968 worldwide 22k citations · 340 works
  3. 3 Asif Razzaq #2,269 worldwide 14k citations · 130 works
  4. 4 Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta #3,000 worldwide 371k citations · 1,872 works
  5. 5 Abdul Rehman Javed #4,600 worldwide 9.6k citations · 132 works

Rwanda

  1. 1 Corine Karema #100,026 worldwide 84k citations · 83 works
  2. 2 Claude Mambo Muvunyi #103,506 worldwide 4.7k citations · 224 works
  3. 3 Agnès Binagwaho #112,520 worldwide 24k citations · 297 works
  4. 4 Ainhoa Costas‐Chavarri #144,195 worldwide 4.1k citations · 51 works
  5. 5 Pierre Gashema #164,832 worldwide 531 citations · 71 works