Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
Company · Santa Clara · United States

Intel (United States)

In research, Intel (United States) stands highest in Physical Sciences (#561 of 10,670 worldwide), Engineering (#445 of 5,901 worldwide) and Electrical and Electronic Engineering (#165 of 2,176 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Hardware and Architecture, Computer Networks and Communications and Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Hardware and Architecture is 60.5× its share of world research).

intel.com/content/www/us/en/homepage.htmlROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#923
of 22,385 · #748 all time
Rank in United States
#206
of 3,332
Research works
23k
◆ 1% vs 2018-21
Citations
624k
27.7 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
10.5%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
1.14×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
17%
world 40%
International
25%
world 18%
Intel (United States)

What is Intel (United States) known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Physical SciencesDomain #561 of 10,670 10.4%2,323 #393
EngineeringField #445 of 5,901 10.3%1,120 #347
Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSubfield #165 of 2,176 12.3%718 #110
Computer ScienceField #337 of 4,417 11.2%988 #188
Computer Networks and CommunicationsSubfield #133 of 728 14.0%193 #78
Social SciencesDomain #1,993 of 9,585 9.0%286 #1852
Health SciencesDomain #2,132 of 9,902 13.7%118 #3057
Artificial IntelligenceSubfield #416 of 1,862 11.0%270 #319
MedicineField #2,190 of 8,541 14.5%98 #3005
Computer Vision and Pattern RecognitionSubfield #300 of 963 10.8%141 #184

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Intel (United States) sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Physical Sciences#393 #561
  2. Engineering#347 #445
  3. Electrical and Electronic Engineering#110 #165
  4. Computer Science#188 #337
  5. Computer Networks and Communications#78 #133
  6. Social Sciences#1,852 #1,993
  7. Health Sciences#3,057 #2,132
  8. Artificial Intelligence#319 #416
  9. Medicine#3,005 #2,190
  10. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition#184 #300
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Intel (United States) work in?

In 2022-now, 82% of research at Intel (United States) is in Physical Sciences, 10% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (39%), Computer Science (35%), Social Sciences (4%). It does 2.1× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 2,473 fractional works · 82.1% of its workEngineering: 1,189 fractional works · 39.5% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 762 fractional works · 25.3% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 75 fractional works · 2.5% of its workMechanical Engineering: 64 fractional works · 2.1% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 58 fractional works · 1.9% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 52 fractional works · 1.7% of its workAerospace Engineering: 38 fractional works · 1.3% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 24 fractional works · 0.8% of its workComputational Mechanics: 24 fractional works · 0.8% of its workMedia Technology: 21 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMechanics of Materials: 21 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workBuilding and Construction: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workOcean Engineering: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputer Science: 1,050 fractional works · 34.9% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 285 fractional works · 9.5% of its workHardware and Architecture: 205 fractional works · 6.8% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 204 fractional works · 6.8% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 152 fractional works · 5.0% of its workInformation Systems: 94 fractional works · 3.1% of its workSignal Processing: 35 fractional works · 1.2% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 32 fractional works · 1.0% of its workComputer Science Applications: 14 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSoftware: 12 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMaterials Science: 94 fractional works · 3.1% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 49 fractional works · 1.6% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 20 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSurfaces, Coatings and Films: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 69 fractional works · 2.3% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 35 fractional works · 1.2% of its workCondensed Matter Physics: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Science: 33 fractional works · 1.1% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 25 fractional works · 0.8% of its workMathematics: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemistry: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnergy: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemical Engineering: 4 fractional works · 0.1% of its workSocial Sciences: 306 fractional works · 10.2% of its workSocial Sciences: 123 fractional works · 4.1% of its workSociology and Political Science: 33 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEducation: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workLaw: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSafety Research: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDemography: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 21 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 64 fractional works · 2.1% of its workManagement Information Systems: 23 fractional works · 0.7% of its workStrategy and Management: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDecision Sciences: 44 fractional works · 1.5% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 20 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 17 fractional works · 0.6% of its workStatistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 34 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 26 fractional works · 0.9% of its workGeneral Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workPsychology: 29 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSocial Psychology: 12 fractional works · 0.4% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.1% of its workArts and Humanities: 12 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHealth Sciences: 133 fractional works · 4.4% of its workMedicine: 111 fractional works · 3.7% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 25 fractional works · 0.8% of its workEpidemiology: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSurgery: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth Informatics: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workOncology: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 41 fractional works · 1.3% of its workHealth Professions: 19 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHealth Information Management: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDentistry: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 100 fractional works · 3.3% of its workNeuroscience: 45 fractional works · 1.5% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 28 fractional works · 0.9% of its workNeurology: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 34 fractional works · 1.1% of its workMolecular Biology: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPlant Science: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 12 fractional works · 0.4% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 3 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workALL ITS WORKIntel (UnitedStates)3,012fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences3%Physical Sciences82%Health Sciences4%Social Sciences10%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering1,18939.5%
    2. Computer Science1,05034.9%
    3. Materials Science943.1%
    4. Physics and Astronomy692.3%
    5. Environmental Science331.1%
    6. Mathematics110.4%
    7. Earth and Planetary Sciences90.3%
    8. Chemistry80.3%
    9. Energy60.2%
    10. Chemical Engineering40.1%
    1. Social Sciences1234.1%
    2. Business, Management and Accounting642.1%
    3. Decision Sciences441.5%
    4. Economics, Econometrics and Finance341.1%
    5. Psychology291.0%
    6. Arts and Humanities120.4%
    1. Medicine1113.7%
    2. Health Professions190.6%
    3. Dentistry20.1%
    4. Nursing10.0%
    5. Veterinary00.0%
    1. Neuroscience451.5%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology341.1%
    3. Agricultural and Biological Sciences180.6%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology30.1%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics10.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Intel (United States) specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Hardware and Architecture takes 60.5× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. Hardware and ArchitectureSubfield · 205.2 works61×
  2. Computer Networks and CommunicationsSubfield · 204.1 works7.6×
  3. Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSubfield · 762.2 works7.1×
  4. Computer ScienceField · 1,050.0 works4.5×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.13× its world share, 18 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.21× its world share, 34 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.09× its world share, 3 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.91× its world share, 45 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.11× its world share, 1 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.35× its world share, 4 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.16× its world share, 8 worksChemistryComputer Science: 4.48× its world share, 1,050 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.20× its world share, 10 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.23× its world share, 6 worksEnergyEngineering: 2.63× its world share, 1,189 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.22× its world share, 34 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.89× its world share, 94 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.30× its world share, 11 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 1.03× its world share, 69 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.10× its world share, 2 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.24× its world share, 19 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.19× its world share, 112 worksMedicineNursing: 0.04× its world share, 1 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.06× its world share, 0 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.14× its world share, 12 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.66× its world share, 64 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.51× its world share, 44 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.53× its world share, 34 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.31× its world share, 29 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.32× its world share, 123 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Computer Science, 4.5×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Computer Science4.48×1,050 works
  2. Engineering2.63×1,189 works
  3. Decision Sciences1.51×44 works
  4. Physics and Astronomy1.03×69 works
  5. Neuroscience0.91×45 works
  6. Materials Science0.89×94 works
  7. Business, Management and Accounting0.66×64 works
  8. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.53×34 works
  9. Chemical Engineering0.35×4 works
  10. Social Sciences0.32×123 works
  11. Psychology0.31×29 works
  12. Mathematics0.30×11 works
  13. Health Professions0.24×19 works
  14. Energy0.23×6 works
  15. Environmental Science0.22×34 works
  16. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.21×34 works
  17. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.20×10 works
  18. Medicine0.19×112 works
  19. Chemistry0.16×8 works
  20. Arts and Humanities0.14×12 works
  21. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.13×18 works
  22. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.11×1 works
  23. Dentistry0.10×2 works
  24. Immunology and Microbiology0.09×3 works
  25. Veterinary0.06×0 works
  26. Nursing0.04×1 works

Who are the top researchers at Intel (United States)?

Ranked on the quality score, Vladlen Koltun, Konstantina Papagiannaki and Chris B. Wilkerson lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Intel (United States).

  1. 1 Vladlen Koltun United States · #6,842 worldwide 56k citations · 316 works
  2. 2 Konstantina Papagiannaki United States · #32,361 worldwide 9.8k citations · 151 works
  3. 3 Chris B. Wilkerson United States · #33,547 worldwide 6.6k citations · 80 works
  4. 4 Aamer Jaleel United States · #47,313 worldwide 6.5k citations · 112 works
  5. 5 Pradeep Kumar Dubey United States · #48,370 worldwide 15k citations · 372 works
  6. 6 Nadathur Satish United States · #51,141 worldwide 7k citations · 70 works
  7. 7 Tahir Ghani United States · #51,837 worldwide 8k citations · 64 works
  8. 8 Mark T. Bohr United States · #57,493 worldwide 7.5k citations · 70 works
  9. 9 Jeffrey R. Hightower United States · #57,839 worldwide 9.7k citations · 38 works
  10. 10 Petros Maniatis United States · #60,070 worldwide 7.2k citations · 119 works
All ranked researchers at Intel (United States)

What are the most cited papers from Intel (United States)?

The most cited paper from Intel (United States) is "SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python" (Pauli Virtanen et al., 2020), with 40,161 citations. Next come "LAMMPS - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales" (12,569) and "Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking" (6,956).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python Pauli Virtanen et al. · Nature Methods Open access112 authors 3 Feb 2020 40,161
2 LAMMPS - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales Aidan P. Thompson, Hasan Metin Aktulga, Richard A. Berger et al. · Computer Physics Communications Open access 22 Sep 2021 12,569
3 Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking Chris Stauffer, W. Eric L. Grimson Conference paper 20 Jan 2003 6,956
4 Xen and the art of virtualization Paul Barham, Boris Dragovic, Keir Fraser et al. · ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 19 Oct 2003 5,944
5 Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring Alan M. Mainwaring, David Culler, Joseph Polastre et al. Conference paper 28 Sep 2002 4,182
All 58 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Intel (United States)?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Machine Learning, Parallel Computing, CMOS Technology, Thermal Management, Energy Efficiency and Integrated Circuits.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Deep Learning339▲ 3.3×79 topics
  2. Machine Learning213▲ 2.1×87 topics
  3. Neural Networks171▲ 3.7×34 topics
  4. Energy Efficiency129▲ 4.6×30 topics
  5. Parallel Computing110▲ 31×5 topics
  6. CMOS Technology105▲ 43×5 topics
  7. Thermal Management104▲ 11×8 topics
  8. Integrated Circuits100▲ 23×3 topics
  9. Process Variation98▲ 56×2 topics
  10. High-Performance Computing97▲ 40×3 topics
  11. Big Data91▲ 3.2×30 topics
  12. GPU Computing76▲ 65×1 topic
  13. Multicore Architectures76▲ 65×1 topic
  14. Performance Optimization76▲ 40×2 topics
  15. Convolutional Neural Networks74▲ 3.4×14 topics
  16. Nanoelectronics72▲ 29×2 topics
  17. Low-Power70▲ 55×2 topics
  18. Distributed Systems67▲ 13×6 topics
  19. Neuromorphic Computing66▲ 19×2 topics
  20. FPGA65▲ 57×4 topics
  21. Fault Localization62▲ 30×2 topics
  22. Fault Tolerance62▲ 13×7 topics
  23. System Integration60▲ 105×2 topics
  24. Failure Analysis60▲ 22×4 topics
  25. Embedded Cores60▲ 132×1 topic
  26. Test Data Compression60▲ 132×1 topic
  27. Interconnect59▲ 119×1 topic
  28. Through-Silicon Via59▲ 119×1 topic
  29. Approximate Computing55▲ 89×1 topic
  30. VLSI Circuits55▲ 89×1 topic
  31. Semiconductor Devices54▲ 27×2 topics
  32. Atomic Layer Deposition54▲ 28×1 topic
  33. High-k Dielectrics54▲ 28×1 topic
  34. High-Temperature Electronics50▲ 28×2 topics
  35. Laser Voltage Probing50▲ 63×1 topic
  36. Photon Emission Microscopy50▲ 63×1 topic
  37. Thin Films50▲ 8.5×10 topics
  38. Power Optimization47▲ 58×2 topics
  39. Embedded Systems46▲ 34×4 topics
  40. Electromigration46▲ 54×2 topics

Which research topics does Intel (United States) publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques, VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing, 3D IC and TSV technologies and Low-power high-performance VLSI design.

Parallel Computing and O…76Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques: 76 fractional worksVLSI and Analog Circuit …60VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing: 60 fractional works3D IC and TSV technologies: 59 fractional worksLow-power high-performan…55Low-power high-performance VLSI design: 55 fractional worksSemiconductor materials …54Semiconductor materials and devices: 54 fractional worksIntegrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis: 50 fractional worksAdvancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design: 44 fractional worksEmbedded Systems Design …40Embedded Systems Design Techniques: 40 fractional worksAdvanced Memory and Neural Computing: 38 fractional worksElectronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies: 33 fractional works
Hardware and ArchitectureElectrical and Electronic Engineering

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques Hardware and Architecture 76 works
  2. 2 VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing Hardware and Architecture 60 works
  3. 3 3D IC and TSV technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 59 works
  4. 4 Low-power high-performance VLSI design Electrical and Electronic Engineering 55 works
  5. 5 Semiconductor materials and devices Electrical and Electronic Engineering 54 works
  6. 6 Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis Electrical and Electronic Engineering 50 works
  7. 7 Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design Electrical and Electronic Engineering 44 works
  8. 8 Embedded Systems Design Techniques Hardware and Architecture 40 works
  9. 9 Advanced Memory and Neural Computing Electrical and Electronic Engineering 38 works
  10. 10 Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available16.6%not open83.4%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors25.2%domestic only74.8%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Intel (United States)'s research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 1% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Intel (United States) as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.014% in 2024.

still counting0.025%0.050%0.075%Intel (United States)0.011% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Intel (United States) over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%30%Intel (United States)10.0% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 20.4% in 2009.

Other research institutions in Santa Clara

All research institutions in Santa Clara

Compare Intel (United States) with

Compare any two

Share Intel (United States)'s ranking

Intel (United States) on Science Explorer

A card with Intel (United States)'s standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website2Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Its overall standing, then the domains, fields and subfields where Intel (United States) is in the world's top ten or its top 1%. Each has an image of its own.

Overall

Domains

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Questions people ask

What does Intel publish research on?

In research, Intel (United States) stands highest in Physical Sciences (#561 of 10,670 worldwide), Engineering (#445 of 5,901 worldwide) and Electrical and Electronic Engineering (#165 of 2,176 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Hardware and Architecture, Computer Networks and Communications and Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Hardware and Architecture is 60.5× its share of world research).

All 1,273 questions in the Question Catalogue

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Intel (United States). Posts are plain text and can be reported.