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Topic · Neurology

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 is a research topic within Neurology. Science Explorer counts 32k research works in it since 1951. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the neurological manifestations and long-term effects of COVID-19 infection, including post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, neuroinvasion potential, neuropsychiatric presentations, and cognitive impairment. It explores the central nervous system involvement, respiratory failure, neuropathology, and chronic fatigue experienced by patients after acute COVID-19.

  • Neurologic Manifestations
  • Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome
  • Long COVID
  • Neuropsychiatric Presentations
  • Neuroinvasion Potential
  • Respiratory Failure
  • Central Nervous System Involvement
  • Neuropathology
  • Cognitive Impairment
  • Chronic Fatigue
Research works
32k
fractional, since 1951
In the world top 10%
3.2k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+27%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
30% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19

This ranks research output and citation impact. It says nothing about the quality of diagnosis, treatment or care.

Which countries lead Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (3k and 1.1k works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 3k works
  2. 2 China 1.1k works
  3. 3 India 1k works
  4. 4 United Kingdom 845 works
  5. 5 Brazil 831 works
  6. 6 Italy 818 works
  7. 7 Germany 667 works
  8. 8 Russia 631 works
  9. 9 Spain 624 works
  10. 10 Türkiye 595 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 29.8%China: 11.2%India: 9.8%United Kingdom: 8.3%6 others listed: 40.8%30%largest
United States3,041 · 29.8%China1,147 · 11.2%India1,002 · 9.8%United Kingdom845 · 8.3%6 others listed4,165 · 40.8%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research?

By volume in 2022-now, Harvard University publishes the most Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research, followed by All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Russian Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Harvard UniversityUnited States 123 works
  2. 2 All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 101 works
  3. 3 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 69 works
  4. 4 Universidade de São PauloBrazil 69 works
  5. 5 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 69 works
  6. 6 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 66 works
  7. 7 Tehran University of Medical SciencesIran 65 works
  8. 8 InsermFrance 61 works
  9. 9 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 57 works
  10. 10 Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiTürkiye 57 works

Who are the leading researchers in Long-Term Effects of COVID-19?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 include David Moher, Christopher J L Murray and Simon Iain Hay.

  1. 1 David Moher Canada 898k citations
  2. 2 Christopher J L Murray United States 583k citations
  3. 3 Simon Iain Hay United States 452k citations
  4. 4 Theo Vos United States 439k citations
  5. 5 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  6. 6 Ali H. Mokdad United States 429k citations
  7. 7 Julian P. T. Higgins United Kingdom 390k citations
  8. 8 Guido Kroemer France 386k citations
  9. 9 Bert Vogelstein United States 373k citations
  10. 10 Ronald C. Kessler United States 360k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Long-Term Effects of COVID-19?

The most cited paper in Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 is "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study" (Fei Zhou, Ting Yu, Ronghui Du et al., 2020), with 29,236 citations. Next come "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China" (21,261) and "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study" (10,739).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Fei Zhou, Ting Yu, Ronghui Du et al. · The Lancet Open access Mar 2020 29,236
2 Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Chang Hu et al. · JAMA Open access 7 Feb 2020 21,261
3 Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Xiaobo Yang, Yu Lai Yuan, Jiqian Xu et al. · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Open access 24 Feb 2020 10,739
4 Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Open access 6 Mar 2020 10,321
5 Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area Safiya I. Richardson et al. · JAMA Open access 22 Apr 2020 9,915
All 98 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research done?

The largest centres of Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research in 2022-now are London (United Kingdom), Moscow (Russia), Tehran (Iran) and Beijing (China).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 LondonUnited Kingdom 279 works
  2. 2 MoscowRussia 249 works
  3. 3 TehranIran 218 works
  4. 4 BeijingChina 193 works
  5. 5 São PauloBrazil 191 works
  6. 6 New YorkUnited States 188 works
  7. 7 IstanbulTürkiye 174 works
  8. 8 MadridSpain 173 works
  9. 9 RomeItaly 166 works
  10. 10 TokyoJapan 138 works
See Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on the map

Where is the best place to study Long-Term Effects of COVID-19?

Among universities, judged by research, University College London, Harvard University and Johns Hopkins University score highest, combining citation excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 22.02%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →University College L…Harvard UniversityJohns Hopkins Univer…Karolinska Institutet
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Citation excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University College LondonUnited Kingdom 71.023.7%2.5×57 +14.5%
2Harvard UniversityUnited States 70.620.0%2.6×122 +0.9%
3Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 68.319.9%3.0×66 +27.9%
4Karolinska InstitutetSweden 67.317.4%6.2×51 +142.5%
5University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 67.026.0%1.7×35 +25.5%
6University of LeicesterUnited Kingdom 67.022.4%7.5×30 +110.8%
7University of California, San FranciscoUnited States 62.624.7%2.7×28 +64.3%
8London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom 62.325.6%4.3×10 +67.3%
9Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreItaly 62.017.9%6.6×42 +57.2%
10University of Hong KongChina 61.722.6%1.4×20 +43.8%

Universities only. The score blends citation excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Long-Term Effects of COVID-19, country by country

Is Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 27% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2021. The fastest-growing topics are Long-Term Effects of COVID-19.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.060% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%0.15%Long-Term Effects of COVID-190.041% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Long-Term Effects of COVID-1910.1% in 20252020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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