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Topic · Immunology

Immune responses and vaccinations

Immune responses and vaccinations is a research topic within Immunology. Science Explorer counts 15k research works in it since 1950. 20.1% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the concept of trained immunity, focusing on the innate immune system's ability to develop memory and provide nonspecific protection against various infections. The research covers topics such as BCG vaccination, epigenetic reprogramming, immunometabolism, and the potential implications for health and disease.

  • Trained Immunity
  • Innate Memory
  • BCG Vaccination
  • Epigenetic Reprogramming
  • Immunometabolism
  • Non-specific Effects
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immune Memory
  • Vaccine Effects
  • Innate Immune Training
Research works
15k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
2.9k
per year above
Top-10% rate
20.1%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2013–17 → 2018–22
+150%
the tick is no change

Which countries lead Immune responses and vaccinations research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (971 and 710 works in 2022–2025).

By volume, 2022–2025

  1. 1 United States 971 works
  2. 2 China 710 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 247 works
  4. 4 India 197 works
  5. 5 Germany 193 works
  6. 6 Italy 150 works
  7. 7 Canada 121 works
  8. 8 Spain 116 works
  9. 9 France 114 works
  10. 10 Brazil 110 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 33.2%China: 24.2%United Kingdom: 8.4%India: 6.7%6 others listed: 27.4%33%largest
United States971 · 33.2%China710 · 24.2%United Kingdom247 · 8.4%India197 · 6.7%6 others listed804 · 27.4%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Immune responses and vaccinations research?

By volume in 2022–2025, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill publishes the most Immune responses and vaccinations research, followed by University of Oxford and Harvard University.

By volume, 2022–2025

  1. 1 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 21 works
  2. 2 University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 19 works
  3. 3 Harvard UniversityUnited States 17 works
  4. 4 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeChina 17 works
  5. 5 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 15 works
  6. 6 London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom 15 works
  7. 7 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 15 works
  8. 8 Peking UniversityChina 15 works
  9. 9 InsermFrance 13 works
  10. 10 Yale UniversityUnited States 13 works

Where is Immune responses and vaccinations research done?

The largest centres of Immune responses and vaccinations research in 2022–2025 are Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom), New York (United States) and Shanghai (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Nijmegen and Bethesda.

Largest cities, 2022–2025

  1. 1 Beijing China 135 works
  2. 2 London United Kingdom 102 works
  3. 3 New York United States 68 works
  4. 4 Shanghai China 65 works
  5. 5 Paris France 61 works
  6. 6 Guangzhou China 54 works
  7. 7 Moscow Russia 42 works
  8. 8 Madrid Spain 42 works
  9. 9 Tehran Iran 40 works
  10. 10 Melbourne Australia 37 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. NijmegenNL · 27.7 works9.3×
  2. BethesdaUS · 32.6 works5.9×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Immune responses and vaccinations than the world average.

See Immune responses and vaccinations on the map

Where is the best place to study Immune responses and vaccinations?

Among universities, judged by research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen and University of Gondar score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 34.88%fractional works in this node (log) →share in the world top 10% →London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: 15, 43.0%Radboud University Nijmegen: 12, 39.4%University of Gondar: 10, 42.0%University of Oxford: 19, 33.3%Harvard University: 17, 33.8%Peking University: 15, 38.6%University College London: 15, 28.0%Karolinska Institutet: 9, 24.3%Cornell University: 10, 28.2%Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai: 9, 38.2%London School of Hyg…University of GondarRadboud University N…University of Oxford
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the table below. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1 London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom 87.943.0%21.9×15 +118.0%
2 Radboud University NijmegenNetherlands 69.739.4%6.2×12 +232.2%
3 University of GondarEthiopia 66.242.0%15.1×10 —
4 University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 54.433.3%3.3×19 -7.4%
5 Harvard UniversityUnited States 54.133.8%3.0×17 +38.9%
6 Peking UniversityChina 50.438.6%2.1×15 —
7 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 50.228.0%2.4×15 +105.6%
8 Karolinska InstitutetSweden 46.624.3%4.7×9 +114.2%
9 Cornell UniversityUnited States 46.028.2%2.3×10 +225.0%
10 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiUnited States 44.938.2%4.1×9 +37.7%

Universities only. Score blends excellence (30%), specialisation (25%), size (20%), growth (15%) and international reach (10%), 2015–2022; growth compares 2010–14 with 2015–19.

Is Immune responses and vaccinations research growing?

Output in 2018–2022 was 150% higher than in 2013–2017, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Immune responses and vaccinations.

19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.