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Topic · Immunology

Immune responses and vaccinations

Immune responses and vaccinations is a research topic within Immunology. Science Explorer counts 15k research works in it since 1950. 10.2% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the concept of trained immunity, focusing on the innate immune system's ability to develop memory and provide nonspecific protection against various infections. The research covers topics such as BCG vaccination, epigenetic reprogramming, immunometabolism, and the potential implications for health and disease.

  • Trained Immunity
  • Innate Memory
  • BCG Vaccination
  • Epigenetic Reprogramming
  • Immunometabolism
  • Non-specific Effects
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immune Memory
  • Vaccine Effects
  • Innate Immune Training
Research works
15k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.5k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.2%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+57%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
33% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Immune responses and vaccinations

Which countries lead Immune responses and vaccinations research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (1.2k and 982 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 1.2k works
  2. 2 China 982 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 301 works
  4. 4 India 251 works
  5. 5 Germany 239 works
  6. 6 Italy 190 works
  7. 7 Canada 158 works
  8. 8 France 147 works
  9. 9 Spain 146 works
  10. 10 Brazil 138 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 32.8%China: 25.9%United Kingdom: 7.9%India: 6.6%6 others listed: 26.8%33%largest
United States1,245 · 32.8%China982 · 25.9%United Kingdom301 · 7.9%India251 · 6.6%6 others listed1,017 · 26.8%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Immune responses and vaccinations research?

By volume in 2022-now, Harvard University publishes the most Immune responses and vaccinations research, followed by National Institutes of Health and Radboud University Nijmegen.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Harvard UniversityUnited States 54 works
  2. 2 National Institutes of HealthUnited States 35 works
  3. 3 Radboud University NijmegenNetherlands 31 works
  4. 4 University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 30 works
  5. 5 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 29 works
  6. 6 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 28 works
  7. 7 InsermFrance 27 works
  8. 8 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 26 works
  9. 9 Fudan UniversityChina 25 works
  10. 10 The University of MelbourneAustralia 23 works

Who are the leading researchers in Immune responses and vaccinations?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Immune responses and vaccinations include Christopher J L Murray, Rob Knight and Simon Iain Hay.

  1. 1 Christopher J L Murray United States 583k citations
  2. 2 Rob Knight United States 468k citations
  3. 3 Simon Iain Hay United States 452k citations
  4. 4 Theo Vos United States 439k citations
  5. 5 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  6. 6 Ali H. Mokdad United States 429k citations
  7. 7 Walter Churchill Willett United States 411k citations
  8. 8 Mark J. Daly United States 403k citations
  9. 9 Julian P. T. Higgins United Kingdom 390k citations
  10. 10 Guido Kroemer France 386k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Immune responses and vaccinations?

The most cited paper in Immune responses and vaccinations is "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China" (Chaolin Huang et al., 2020), with 52,028 citations. Next come "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding" (12,621) and "Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body" (5,258).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Chaolin Huang et al. · The Lancet Open access 24 Jan 2020 52,028
2 Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding Roujian Lu et al. · The Lancet Open access 30 Jan 2020 12,621
3 Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body Ron Sender, Shai Fuchs, Ron Milo · PLoS Biology Open access 19 Aug 2016 5,258
4 Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019 Guang Chen, Di Wu, Wei Guo et al. · Journal of Clinical Investigation Open access 27 Mar 2020 5,083
5 Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China Chuan Qin, Luo‐Qi Zhou, Ziwei Hu et al. · Clinical Infectious Diseases Open access 6 Mar 2020 5,047
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Immune responses and vaccinations research done?

The largest centres of Immune responses and vaccinations research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom), New York (United States) and Shanghai (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Nijmegen, Kampala and Bethesda.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 167 works
  2. 2 LondonUnited Kingdom 122 works
  3. 3 New YorkUnited States 84 works
  4. 4 ShanghaiChina 83 works
  5. 5 ParisFrance 78 works
  6. 6 GuangzhouChina 69 works
  7. 7 MadridSpain 50 works
  8. 8 MelbourneAustralia 50 works
  9. 9 MoscowRussia 50 works
  10. 10 SeoulSouth Korea 46 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. NijmegenNL · 31.4 works8.3×
  2. KampalaUG · 21.6 works8.1×
  3. BethesdaUS · 37.3 works5.3×
  4. Addis AbabaET · 20.9 works5.2×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Immune responses and vaccinations than the world average.

See Immune responses and vaccinations on the map

Where is the best place to study Immune responses and vaccinations?

Among universities, judged by research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Harvard University and University of Oxford score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 17.31%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Radboud University N…Cornell UniversityHarvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Radboud University NijmegenNetherlands 81.225.3%10.0×31 -3.2%
2Harvard UniversityUnited States 69.614.3%3.3×54 +32.3%
3University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 61.413.1%4.1×30 +30.4%
4Cornell UniversityUnited States 60.720.1%3.0×20 +76.6%
5London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom 59.314.0%26.4×22 -9.4%
6University College LondonUnited Kingdom 56.716.3%2.8×23 +80.3%
7McMaster UniversityCanada 56.628.4%2.7×8 +48.3%
8The University of MelbourneAustralia 53.812.7%4.1×24 +29.2%
9Peking UniversityChina 53.519.2%2.0×21 +168.8%
10Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 52.49.7%3.5×28 +37.9%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Immune responses and vaccinations, country by country

Is Immune responses and vaccinations research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 57% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Immune responses and vaccinations.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Immune responses and vaccinations as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.019% in 2024.

still counting0.010%0.020%0.030%Immune responses and vaccinations0.026% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Immune responses and vaccinations over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Immune responses and vaccinations10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

Questions people ask

How much research is there on vaccines, and is it growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 57% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Immune responses and vaccinations.

Is Immune responses and vaccinations research growing?
All 1,273 questions in the Question Catalogue

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