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Topic · Immunology

Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins

Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins is a research topic within Immunology. Science Explorer counts 35k research works in it since 1950. 10.0% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the development and efficacy of immunotoxin therapy for cancer treatment, with a particular emphasis on ricin poisoning, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and targeted therapy using recombinant immunotoxins. It also explores the use of IL-13 receptor and mistletoe extract in cancer therapy.

  • Immunotoxin
  • Ricin Poisoning
  • Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins
  • Cancer Therapy
  • Diphtheria Toxin
  • Targeted Therapy
  • Recombinant Immunotoxin
  • IL-13 Receptor
  • Ricinus communis
  • Mistletoe Extract
Research works
35k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.5k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.0%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+2%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
28% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins

Which countries lead Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research?

By volume, China and the United States publish the most (707 and 522 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 707 works
  2. 2 United States 522 works
  3. 3 India 516 works
  4. 4 Brazil 148 works
  5. 5 Germany 140 works
  6. 6 Japan 112 works
  7. 7 Iran 111 works
  8. 8 Russia 106 works
  9. 9 Italy 98 works
  10. 10 South Korea 98 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 27.7%United States: 20.4%India: 20.2%Brazil: 5.8%6 others listed: 26.0%28%largest
China707 · 27.7%United States522 · 20.4%India516 · 20.2%Brazil148 · 5.8%6 others listed665 · 26.0%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research?

By volume in 2022-now, Russian Academy of Sciences publishes the most Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research, followed by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 30 works
  2. 2 Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina 28 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 26 works
  4. 4 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 19 works
  5. 5 Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchIndia 18 works
  6. 6 Harvard UniversityUnited States 16 works
  7. 7 National Institutes of HealthUnited States 15 works
  8. 8 Zhejiang UniversityChina 14 works
  9. 9 Institut PasteurFrance 13 works
  10. 10 Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchIndia 11 works

Who are the leading researchers in Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins include Guido Kroemer, Shizuo Akira and Matthias Mann.

  1. 1 Guido Kroemer France 386k citations
  2. 2 Shizuo Akira Japan 342k citations
  3. 3 Matthias Mann Germany 308k citations
  4. 4 Róbert Langer United States 303k citations
  5. 5 Robert A. Weinberg United States 301k citations
  6. 6 John Q. Trojanowski United States 286k citations
  7. 7 Michael Karin United States 276k citations
  8. 8 Hagop M. Kantarjian United States 273k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins?

The most cited paper in Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins is "Characteristics of the Microplate Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Plant Viruses" (M. F. Clark, A.N. Adams, 1977), with 4,838 citations. Next come "Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases." (3,750) and "Molecular Chaperones in the Cytosol: from Nascent Chain to Folded Protein" (3,390).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Characteristics of the Microplate Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Plant Viruses M. F. Clark, A.N. Adams · Journal of General Virology Mar 1977 4,838
2 Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Tetsu Akiyama, Junko Ishida, Shizue Nakagawa et al. · Journal of Biological Chemistry Open access Apr 1987 3,750
3 Molecular Chaperones in the Cytosol: from Nascent Chain to Folded Protein F. Ulrich Hartl, Manajit K. Hayer-Hartl · Science 8 Mar 2002 3,390
4 A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants Rudy L. Juliano, Victor Wei Teik Ling · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes Nov 1976 3,310
5 Hsp70 chaperones: Cellular functions and molecular mechanism Matthias P. Mayer, Bernd Bukau · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Open access Mar 2005 2,919
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research done?

The largest centres of Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Moscow (Russia), Tehran (Iran) and Shanghai (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Hyderabad.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 105 works
  2. 2 MoscowRussia 47 works
  3. 3 TehranIran 43 works
  4. 4 ShanghaiChina 43 works
  5. 5 SeoulSouth Korea 40 works
  6. 6 GuangzhouChina 39 works
  7. 7 ParisFrance 35 works
  8. 8 New DelhiIndia 35 works
  9. 9 São PauloBrazil 31 works
  10. 10 ChennaiIndia 31 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. HyderabadIN · 22.8 works3.0×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins than the world average.

See Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins on the map

Where is the best place to study Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, Zhejiang University and King Saud University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 11.68%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Zhejiang UniversityHarvard UniversityPeking UniversityKing Saud University
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 80.118.0%1.5×16 -7.9%
2Zhejiang UniversityChina 67.220.9%1.5×14 +23.4%
3King Saud UniversitySaudi Arabia 50.511.6%2.5×8 +89.7%
4Peking UniversityChina 45.817.0%1.4×10 +46.6%
5Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeChina 39.58.9%2.9×11 +2.2%
6Sichuan UniversityChina 35.721.7%1.2×9 -10.1%
7Universidade de São PauloBrazil 35.611.0%1.4×10 +3.4%
8Banaras Hindu UniversityIndia 35.47.1%3.4×9 +7.3%
9University of BaghdadIraq 25.20.0%3.9×9 +68.1%
10Islamic Azad University, TehranIran 22.40.6%2.0×11 -29.1%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins, country by country

Is Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 2% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2022. The fastest-growing topics are Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.018% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins0.016% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins10.4% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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