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Topic · Artificial Intelligence

Logic, programming, and type systems

Logic, programming, and type systems is a research topic within Artificial Intelligence. Science Explorer counts 39k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers covers a wide range of program analysis and verification techniques, including static analysis, formal verification, type inference, memory management, concurrency, garbage collection, separation logic, model checking, abstract interpretation, and programming language semantics.

  • Static Analysis
  • Formal Verification
  • Type Inference
  • Memory Management
  • Concurrency
  • Garbage Collection
  • Separation Logic
  • Model Checking
  • Abstract Interpretation
  • Programming Language Semantics
Research works
39k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.8k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-15%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
27% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Logic, programming, and type systems

Which countries lead Logic, programming, and type systems research?

By volume, the United States and Germany publish the most (611 and 299 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 611 works
  2. 2 Germany 299 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 272 works
  4. 4 France 268 works
  5. 5 China 231 works
  6. 6 Italy 169 works
  7. 7 Japan 128 works
  8. 8 Netherlands 102 works
  9. 9 Canada 92 works
  10. 10 Austria 77 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 27.2%Germany: 13.3%United Kingdom: 12.1%France: 11.9%6 others listed: 35.5%27%largest
United States611 · 27.2%Germany299 · 13.3%United Kingdom272 · 12.1%France268 · 11.9%6 others listed800 · 35.5%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Logic, programming, and type systems research?

By volume in 2022-now, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique publishes the most Logic, programming, and type systems research, followed by TU Wien and Carnegie Mellon University.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 96 works
  2. 2 TU WienAustria 32 works
  3. 3 Carnegie Mellon UniversityUnited States 29 works
  4. 4 University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 28 works
  5. 5 Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numériqueFrance 27 works
  6. 6 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 26 works
  7. 7 University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom 22 works
  8. 8 Czech Academy of SciencesCzechia 22 works
  9. 9 McGill UniversityCanada 21 works
  10. 10 Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom 20 works

Who are the leading researchers in Logic, programming, and type systems?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Logic, programming, and type systems include David H. Haussler, Jürgen Schmidhuber and Herbert A. Simon.

  1. 1 David H. Haussler United States 209k citations
  2. 2 Jürgen Schmidhuber Switzerland 188k citations
  3. 3 Herbert A. Simon United States 179k citations
  4. 4 John Bannister Goodenough United States 175k citations
  5. 5 Christian Szegedy United States 175k citations
  6. 6 Eugene Wimberly Myers Germany 163k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Logic, programming, and type systems?

The most cited paper in Logic, programming, and type systems is "Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools" (Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey David Ullman, 1986), with 8,166 citations. Next come "Communication and Concurrency" (6,871) and "Z3: An Efficient SMT Solver" (6,516).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey David Ullman 1986 8,166
2 Communication and Concurrency Robin Milner 1989 6,871
3 Z3: An Efficient SMT Solver Leonardo de Moura, Nikolaj Bjørner · Lecture notes in computer science Conference paper 2008 6,516
4 A Complexity Measure Thomas J. McCabe · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Dec 1976 5,923
5 The temporal logic of programs Amir Pnueli Conference paper Sep 1977 5,753
All 97 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Logic, programming, and type systems research done?

The largest centres of Logic, programming, and type systems research in 2022-now are Paris (France), Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom) and Tokyo (Japan). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt and Saarbrücken.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 ParisFrance 91 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 73 works
  3. 3 LondonUnited Kingdom 59 works
  4. 4 TokyoJapan 43 works
  5. 5 MoscowRussia 42 works
  6. 6 PragueCzechia 39 works
  7. 7 ViennaAustria 39 works
  8. 8 MunichGermany 35 works
  9. 9 PittsburghUnited States 32 works
  10. 10 SaarbrückenGermany 30 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. Le Chesnay-RocquencourtFR · 20.4 works84×
  2. SaarbrückenDE · 30.1 works28×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Logic, programming, and type systems than the world average.

See Logic, programming, and type systems on the map

Where is the best place to study Logic, programming, and type systems?

Among universities, judged by research, Aarhus University, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Cambridge score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 17.22%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Aarhus UniversityUniversity of Cambri…Carnegie Mellon Univ…École Polytechnique …
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Aarhus UniversityDenmark 70.028.4%7.8×19 +48.8%
2Carnegie Mellon UniversityUnited States 60.714.0%25.1×29 -65.6%
3University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom 60.018.7%6.7×22 -13.1%
4École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneSwitzerland 59.010.9%12.7×15 +76.0%
5University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 58.99.7%7.2×28 -9.1%
6TU WienAustria 58.111.2%37.4×32 -33.4%
7McGill UniversityCanada 57.89.0%7.5×21 +25.2%
8Stanford UniversityUnited States 57.037.6%2.5×10 +0.4%
9Ruhr University BochumGermany 53.717.9%11.2×13 +57.8%
10Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom 53.314.8%7.0×20 -32.8%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Logic, programming, and type systems, country by country

Is Logic, programming, and type systems research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 15% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2002.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Logic, programming, and type systems as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.012% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%Logic, programming, and type systems0.012% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Logic, programming, and type systems over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Logic, programming, and type systems10.2% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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