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Topic · Biomedical Engineering

Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies

Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies is a research topic within Biomedical Engineering. Science Explorer counts 34k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the biomechanical aspects of running-related injuries, particularly related to foot strike patterns, patellofemoral pain syndrome, hip strength, stress fractures, and gait analysis. It explores the influence of abnormal hip mechanics, altered lower-extremity kinematics, and intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in athletes. Additionally, it delves into the anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament and the role of impact forces and foot pronation in injury mechanisms.

  • Running Injuries
  • Biomechanics
  • Foot Strike Patterns
  • Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
  • Hip Strength
  • Kinematics
  • Stress Fractures
  • Gait Analysis
  • Medial Patellofemoral Ligament
  • Muscle Activation
Research works
34k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.4k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+14%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
33% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies

Which countries lead Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (2k and 1k works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 2k works
  2. 2 China 1k works
  3. 3 Japan 562 works
  4. 4 India 444 works
  5. 5 United Kingdom 432 works
  6. 6 Türkiye 347 works
  7. 7 Germany 337 works
  8. 8 Brazil 282 works
  9. 9 South Korea 277 works
  10. 10 Australia 266 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 33.1%China: 17.0%Japan: 9.5%India: 7.5%6 others listed: 32.9%33%largest
United States1,951 · 33.1%China1,001 · 17.0%Japan562 · 9.5%India444 · 7.5%6 others listed1,942 · 32.9%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research?

By volume in 2022-now, Harvard University publishes the most Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research, followed by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Harvard UniversityUnited States 76 works
  2. 2 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterUnited States 56 works
  3. 3 Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 51 works
  4. 4 Peking UniversityChina 49 works
  5. 5 La Trobe UniversityAustralia 36 works
  6. 6 All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 35 works
  7. 7 University of CalgaryCanada 32 works
  8. 8 Hebei Medical UniversityChina 31 works
  9. 9 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 30 works
  10. 10 Hiroshima UniversityJapan 30 works

Who are the leading researchers in Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies include George Davey Smith, Cyrus Cooper and Peter Jüni.

  1. 1 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  2. 2 Cyrus Cooper United Kingdom 342k citations
  3. 3 Peter Jüni Switzerland 303k citations
  4. 4 Luigi Ferrucci United States 281k citations
  5. 5 Tommi Juhani Vasankari Finland 248k citations
  6. 6 Jasvinder A. Singh United States 247k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies?

The most cited paper in Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies is "Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years" (J. V. G. A. Durnin, James R. G. Womersley, 1974), with 6,389 citations. Next come "Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science" (4,630) and "Clinical Rating Systems for the Ankle-Hindfoot, Midfoot, Hallux, and Lesser Toes" (4,519).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years J. V. G. A. Durnin, James R. G. Womersley · British Journal Of Nutrition Open access Jul 1974 6,389
2 Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science Will G. Hopkins · Sports Medicine 2000 4,630
3 Clinical Rating Systems for the Ankle-Hindfoot, Midfoot, Hallux, and Lesser Toes Harold B. Kitaoka, Ian James Alexander, Robert S. Adelaar et al. · Foot & Ankle International Jul 1994 4,519
4 Biomechanical Measures of Neuromuscular Control and Valgus Loading of the Knee Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk in Female Athletes: A Prospective Study Timothy Edwin Hewett, Gregory D. Myer, Kevin Ray Ford et al. · The American Journal of Sports Medicine 8 Feb 2005 3,589
5 Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking Murali P. Kadaba, H.K. Ramakrishnan, Mary E. Wootten · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Open access May 1990 3,247
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research done?

The largest centres of Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Tokyo (Japan), Shanghai (China) and Seoul (South Korea).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 156 works
  2. 2 TokyoJapan 136 works
  3. 3 ShanghaiChina 130 works
  4. 4 SeoulSouth Korea 125 works
  5. 5 New YorkUnited States 115 works
  6. 6 IstanbulTürkiye 94 works
  7. 7 TehranIran 91 works
  8. 8 LondonUnited Kingdom 90 works
  9. 9 MelbourneAustralia 82 works
  10. 10 São PauloBrazil 81 works
See Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies on the map

Where is the best place to study Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, Peking University and Shanghai University of Sport score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 18.71%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Shanghai University …Peking UniversityLa Trobe UniversityHarvard University
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 76.514.8%3.1×76 +16.2%
2Peking UniversityChina 72.119.2%3.1×49 +47.9%
3Shanghai University of SportChina 65.320.0%60.6×26 +59.5%
4La Trobe UniversityAustralia 62.515.0%15.9×36 -41.7%
5Ningbo UniversityChina 62.320.3%6.3×29 +76.8%
6Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityChina 61.919.3%3.2×21 +16.9%
7Indian Institute of Technology DelhiIndia 61.428.2%3.0×12 +509.2%
8Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineChina 60.624.0%5.0×9 +95.0%
9Stanford UniversityUnited States 58.415.1%2.4×27 +1.0%
10Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 58.311.2%2.3×51 +109.7%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies, country by country

Is Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 14% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.035% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies0.038% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies9.9% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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