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Topic · Artificial Intelligence

Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection

Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection is a research topic within Artificial Intelligence. Science Explorer counts 18k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the automated detection of hate speech, offensive language, and cyberbullying in social media platforms such as Twitter. It explores various techniques including machine learning, natural language processing, and deep learning to identify and categorize abusive content, with a specific emphasis on mitigating online harassment and promoting online safety.

  • Hate Speech
  • Detection
  • Social Media
  • Cyberbullying
  • Offensive Language
  • Machine Learning
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Online Harassment
  • Twitter
  • Deep Learning
Research works
18k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.7k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+82%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
29% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection

Which countries lead Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research?

By volume, the United States and India publish the most (1.6k and 1.1k works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 1.6k works
  2. 2 India 1.1k works
  3. 3 China 613 works
  4. 4 United Kingdom 454 works
  5. 5 Indonesia 438 works
  6. 6 Germany 350 works
  7. 7 Türkiye 296 works
  8. 8 Spain 277 works
  9. 9 Australia 222 works
  10. 10 Canada 196 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 29.4%India: 19.8%China: 10.9%United Kingdom: 8.1%6 others listed: 31.7%29%largest
United States1,647 · 29.4%India1,109 · 19.8%China613 · 10.9%United Kingdom454 · 8.1%6 others listed1,778 · 31.7%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research?

By volume in 2022-now, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham publishes the most Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research, followed by Binus University and University of Michigan.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Amrita Vishwa VidyapeethamIndia 39 works
  2. 2 Binus UniversityIndonesia 38 works
  3. 3 University of MichiganUnited States 34 works
  4. 4 SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyIndia 33 works
  5. 5 University of AmsterdamNetherlands 32 works
  6. 6 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 31 works
  7. 7 Telkom UniversityIndonesia 31 works
  8. 8 Chittagong University of Engineering & TechnologyBangladesh 29 works
  9. 9 Carnegie Mellon UniversityUnited States 29 works
  10. 10 University of WashingtonUnited States 28 works

Who are the leading researchers in Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection include Martin McKee, Zahid A Butt and Bernhard Schölkopf.

  1. 1 Martin McKee United Kingdom 270k citations
  2. 2 Zahid A Butt Canada 198k citations
  3. 3 Bernhard Schölkopf Germany 148k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection?

The most cited paper in Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection is "Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative" (Judith Butler, 1997), with 6,342 citations. Next come "Misinformation and Its Correction" (2,946) and "Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language" (2,554).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative Judith Butler 1997 6,342
2 Misinformation and Its Correction Stephan Lewandowsky, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Colleen M. Seifert et al. · Gothic.net 17 Sep 2012 2,946
3 Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language Thomas Davidson, Dana Warmsley, Michael Walton Macy et al. · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media Conference paperOpen access 3 May 2017 2,554
4 Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization Robert S. Tokunaga · Computers in Human Behavior 9 Feb 2010 2,502
5 Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review Anton J. Nederhof · European Journal of Social Psychology Jul 1985 2,345
All 101 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research done?

The largest centres of Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom), Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Chennai (India). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Chittagong and Bloomington.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 129 works
  2. 2 LondonUnited Kingdom 102 works
  3. 3 DhakaBangladesh 102 works
  4. 4 ChennaiIndia 101 works
  5. 5 New DelhiIndia 84 works
  6. 6 IstanbulTürkiye 74 works
  7. 7 JakartaIndonesia 72 works
  8. 8 BengaluruIndia 63 works
  9. 9 CoimbatoreIndia 62 works
  10. 10 New YorkUnited States 60 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. ChittagongBD · 50.6 works16×
  2. BloomingtonUS · 24.5 works6.7×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection than the world average.

See Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection on the map

Where is the best place to study Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Amsterdam, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and University of Michigan score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 26.12%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Northeastern Univers…Ludwig-Maximilians-U…University of MichiganUniversity of Amster…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of AmsterdamNetherlands 77.522.9%7.1×32 +18.6%
2Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenGermany 73.027.0%3.6×24 +194.1%
3University of MichiganUnited States 72.925.0%3.0×34 +72.9%
4Northeastern UniversityUnited States 72.040.1%5.7×13 +72.2%
5Carnegie Mellon UniversityUnited States 70.619.8%9.3×29 +45.2%
6University of WashingtonUnited States 70.226.5%3.2×28 +77.7%
7Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 68.826.2%3.0×18 +185.7%
8University of ViennaAustria 65.425.5%4.8×18 +65.2%
9Pennsylvania State UniversityUnited States 64.526.5%2.9×24 +12.7%
10Stanford UniversityUnited States 62.121.7%2.0×22 +90.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection, country by country

Is Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 82% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.038% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection0.037% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection9.9% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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