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Topic · Molecular Biology

Retinal Development and Disorders

Retinal Development and Disorders is a research topic within Molecular Biology. Science Explorer counts 45k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying retinal degeneration, including diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. It also explores potential therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy and the use of retinal stem cells for regeneration.

  • Retinitis Pigmentosa
  • Gene Therapy
  • Retinal Stem Cells
  • Photoreceptor Degeneration
  • Müller Cells
  • Macular Degeneration
  • Visual Function
  • Optic Cup Morphogenesis
  • Electroretinography
  • Neural Regeneration
Research works
45k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
4.5k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-18%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
40% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Retinal Development and Disorders

Which countries lead Retinal Development and Disorders research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (1.6k and 835 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 1.6k works
  2. 2 China 835 works
  3. 3 Germany 286 works
  4. 4 United Kingdom 286 works
  5. 5 Japan 271 works
  6. 6 India 200 works
  7. 7 Italy 185 works
  8. 8 Spain 155 works
  9. 9 France 151 works
  10. 10 Australia 134 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 39.5%China: 20.2%Germany: 6.9%United Kingdom: 6.9%6 others listed: 26.5%40%largest
United States1,634 · 39.5%China835 · 20.2%Germany286 · 6.9%United Kingdom286 · 6.9%6 others listed1,096 · 26.5%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Retinal Development and Disorders research?

By volume in 2022-now, University College London publishes the most Retinal Development and Disorders research, followed by Harvard University and Sun Yat-sen University.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 67 works
  2. 2 Harvard UniversityUnited States 65 works
  3. 3 Sun Yat-sen UniversityChina 53 works
  4. 4 National Institutes of HealthUnited States 52 works
  5. 5 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 45 works
  6. 6 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 42 works
  7. 7 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 41 works
  8. 8 Columbia UniversityUnited States 38 works
  9. 9 Capital Medical UniversityChina 36 works
  10. 10 University of WashingtonUnited States 31 works

Who are the leading researchers in Retinal Development and Disorders?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Retinal Development and Disorders include Mark J. Daly, Guido Kroemer and Jost Bruno Jonas.

  1. 1 Mark J. Daly United States 403k citations
  2. 2 Guido Kroemer France 386k citations
  3. 3 Jost Bruno Jonas Germany 350k citations
  4. 4 Elaine R. Mardis United States 346k citations
  5. 5 Shizuo Akira Japan 342k citations
  6. 6 Jun Wang China 340k citations
  7. 7 John P. A. Ioannidis United States 317k citations
  8. 8 Róbert Langer United States 303k citations
  9. 9 Gonçalo R. Abecasis United States 300k citations
  10. 10 Richard A. Gibbs United States 292k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Retinal Development and Disorders?

The most cited paper in Retinal Development and Disorders is "Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Protect Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Against Oxidation by Modulating Nitric Oxide Release and Autophagy" (Stefano De Cillà, Serena Farruggio, Stela Vujosevic et al., 2017), with 5,140 citations. Next come "Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic" (3,478) and "Segregation of Form, Color, Movement, and Depth: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception" (3,394).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Protect Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Against Oxidation by Modulating Nitric Oxide Release and Autophagy Stefano De Cillà, Serena Farruggio, Stela Vujosevic et al. · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Open access 2017 5,140
2 Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic Harald Stenmark · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology Review 15 Jul 2009 3,478
3 Segregation of Form, Color, Movement, and Depth: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception Margaret S. Livingstone, David Hunter Hubel · Science 6 May 1988 3,394
4 Retinitis pigmentosa Dyonne T. Hartong, Eliot L. Berson, Thaddeus P. Dryja · The Lancet Open access Nov 2006 2,925
5 The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Visual Function Olaf Strauß · Physiological Reviews Review 29 Jun 2005 2,859
All 101 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Retinal Development and Disorders research done?

The largest centres of Retinal Development and Disorders research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom), Paris (France) and New York (United States). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Tübingen, Coral Gables and Iowa City.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 136 works
  2. 2 LondonUnited Kingdom 125 works
  3. 3 ParisFrance 94 works
  4. 4 New YorkUnited States 94 works
  5. 5 ShanghaiChina 89 works
  6. 6 GuangzhouChina 83 works
  7. 7 MoscowRussia 74 works
  8. 8 TokyoJapan 73 works
  9. 9 PhiladelphiaUnited States 61 works
  10. 10 SeoulSouth Korea 59 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. TübingenDE · 38.5 works14×
  2. Coral GablesUS · 25.6 works10.0×
  3. Iowa CityUS · 23.4 works8.6×
  4. BethesdaUS · 53.1 works8.3×
  5. BaselCH · 23.8 works7.3×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Retinal Development and Disorders than the world average.

See Retinal Development and Disorders on the map

Where is the best place to study Retinal Development and Disorders?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University and University College London score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 15.22%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Johns Hopkins Univer…Harvard UniversityUniversity of Washin…University College L…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 77.314.7%4.4×65 -30.2%
2Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 74.617.3%6.3×45 -30.0%
3University College LondonUnited Kingdom 71.111.2%9.0×67 -28.2%
4University of WashingtonUnited States 64.514.7%5.8×31 -21.3%
5University of California, BerkeleyUnited States 58.918.8%3.8×17 -38.1%
6Stanford UniversityUnited States 58.512.2%3.3×23 -48.2%
7Washington University in St. LouisUnited States 56.616.2%5.6×19 -20.3%
8University of BaselSwitzerland 56.613.2%6.2×11 +4.3%
9University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 54.914.8%3.1×20 -42.0%
10University of California, IrvineUnited States 54.619.1%6.0×17 -24.0%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Retinal Development and Disorders, country by country

Is Retinal Development and Disorders research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 18% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2019.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Retinal Development and Disorders as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.020% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%Retinal Development and Disorders0.022% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Retinal Development and Disorders over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Retinal Development and Disorders9.7% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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