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Topic · Molecular Biology

Sexual Differentiation and Disorders

Sexual Differentiation and Disorders is a research topic within Molecular Biology. Science Explorer counts 28k research works in it since 1950. 10.1% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis, focusing on disorders such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Intersex Disorders. It delves into topics like androgen receptor gene mutations, prenatal hormone effects on sexual differentiation, digit ratio as a marker for prenatal hormone action, and the influence of fetal testosterone on gender identity and behavior.

  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  • Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
  • Intersex Disorders
  • Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations
  • Prenatal Hormone Effects
  • Digit Ratio (2D:4D)
  • Sexual Differentiation
  • Gender Identity
  • Fetal Testosterone
  • Genetic Variants
Research works
28k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
2.8k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.1%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+5%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
34% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Sexual Differentiation and Disorders

Which countries lead Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (834 and 325 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 834 works
  2. 2 China 325 works
  3. 3 India 257 works
  4. 4 United Kingdom 187 works
  5. 5 Türkiye 173 works
  6. 6 Italy 162 works
  7. 7 Germany 156 works
  8. 8 Brazil 138 works
  9. 9 France 111 works
  10. 10 Australia 95 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 34.2%China: 13.3%India: 10.6%United Kingdom: 7.7%6 others listed: 34.3%34%largest
United States834 · 34.2%China325 · 13.3%India257 · 10.6%United Kingdom187 · 7.7%6 others listed836 · 34.3%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research?

By volume in 2022-now, Harvard University publishes the most Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research, followed by All India Institute of Medical Sciences and National Institutes of Health.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Harvard UniversityUnited States 32 works
  2. 2 All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 26 works
  3. 3 National Institutes of HealthUnited States 20 works
  4. 4 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 19 works
  5. 5 Karolinska InstitutetSweden 18 works
  6. 6 Cornell UniversityUnited States 18 works
  7. 7 Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 18 works
  8. 8 Universidade de São PauloBrazil 18 works
  9. 9 University of MichiganUnited States 17 works
  10. 10 Baylor College of MedicineUnited States 15 works

Who are the leading researchers in Sexual Differentiation and Disorders?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Sexual Differentiation and Disorders include Ahmedin Jemal, George Davey Smith and Walter Churchill Willett.

  1. 1 Ahmedin Jemal United States 761k citations
  2. 2 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  3. 3 Walter Churchill Willett United States 411k citations
  4. 4 Mark J. Daly United States 403k citations
  5. 5 Hermann Brenner Germany 343k citations
  6. 6 Cyrus Cooper United Kingdom 342k citations
  7. 7 John P. A. Ioannidis United States 317k citations
  8. 8 Graeme J. Hankey Australia 316k citations
  9. 9 Gregory Y.H. Lip United Kingdom 311k citations
  10. 10 Luigi Ferrucci United States 281k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Sexual Differentiation and Disorders?

The most cited paper in Sexual Differentiation and Disorders is "Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys" (William A. Marshall, J. M. Tanner, 1970), with 5,218 citations. Next come "A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum" (3,751) and "A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif" (3,286).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys William A. Marshall, J. M. Tanner · Archives of Disease in Childhood Open access Feb 1970 5,218
2 A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum Alex T. Vermeulen, L. Verdonck, Jean‐Marc Kaufman · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Oct 1999 3,751
3 A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif Andrew Henrik Sinclair, Philippe Berta, Mark S. Palmer et al. · Nature Jul 1990 3,286
4 Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. J. M. Tanner, R. H. Whitehouse · Archives of Disease in Childhood Open access Mar 1976 3,179
5 Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7 Eli Coleman et al. · International Journal of Transgenderism Aug 2012 3,164
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research done?

The largest centres of Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research in 2022-now are London (United Kingdom), Beijing (China), Istanbul (Türkiye) and Paris (France).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 LondonUnited Kingdom 71 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 54 works
  3. 3 IstanbulTürkiye 48 works
  4. 4 ParisFrance 46 works
  5. 5 New YorkUnited States 45 works
  6. 6 MoscowRussia 44 works
  7. 7 São PauloBrazil 38 works
  8. 8 TokyoJapan 35 works
  9. 9 Los AngelesUnited States 34 works
  10. 10 New DelhiIndia 33 works
See Sexual Differentiation and Disorders on the map

Where is the best place to study Sexual Differentiation and Disorders?

Among universities, judged by research, Karolinska Institutet, University of Oslo and University of Copenhagen score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 24.24%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →University of OsloUniversity of Copenh…Karolinska InstitutetRadboud University N…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Karolinska InstitutetSweden 67.329.7%9.6×18 -15.4%
2University of OsloNorway 65.042.5%4.2×9 +26.2%
3University of CopenhagenDenmark 63.432.7%3.9×12 +23.5%
4Radboud University NijmegenNetherlands 62.529.7%6.0×12 +51.3%
5Harvard UniversityUnited States 62.215.8%3.0×32 -8.4%
6Aarhus UniversityDenmark 54.034.6%3.2×9 -4.2%
7Ghent UniversityBelgium 51.318.0%4.0×10 +33.4%
8All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 49.76.8%7.1×26 +74.2%
9University of MichiganUnited States 49.521.1%3.4×18 -18.1%
10University College LondonUnited Kingdom 48.811.5%3.5×19 -5.9%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Sexual Differentiation and Disorders, country by country

Is Sexual Differentiation and Disorders research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 5% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Sexual Differentiation and Disorders.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Sexual Differentiation and Disorders as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.018% in 2024.

still counting0.025%0.050%0.075%Sexual Differentiation and Disorders0.015% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Sexual Differentiation and Disorders over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Sexual Differentiation and Disorders10.3% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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