Top Countries in Physical Sciences Research
China ranks first in 2022-now, followed by United States and Germany, out of 154 ranked countries.
Quality score: the square root of excellence (the share of works in the world top 10% against what the place's own topics predict, on English-language articles and reviews) times the square root of the journal factor (its papers in the Nature Index's selective journals against what its topics predict), times output to the power 0.3 times breadth (how much of the selected area it works in) to the power 0.25. Floor: 100 fractional works in this field.
Ranked by research quality, 2022-now
| # | Country | Score | Top-10% rate | Works | Citations | All time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  China |
100.0 | 12.7% | 2.5M | 24.4M | #1 |
| 2 |  United States |
86.2 | 10.3% | 893k | 6.5M | #2 |
| 3 |  Germany |
78.2 | 9.0% | 270k | 1.8M | #3 |
| 4 |  United Kingdom |
72.5 | 12.7% | 212k | 1.9M | #4 |
| 5 |  Switzerland |
68.0 | 13.2% | 46k | 440k | #6 |
| 6 |  Australia |
64.4 | 15.4% | 106k | 1.2M | #8 |
| 7 |  France |
61.4 | 7.9% | 197k | 1.2M | #5 |
| 8 |  India |
58.7 | 7.0% | 682k | 3.9M | #14 |
| 9 |  Canada |
56.4 | 10.8% | 132k | 1.1M | #7 |
| 10 |  Singapore |
54.3 | 18.6% | 34k | 476k | #11 |
| 11 |  South Korea |
52.4 | 10.5% | 171k | 1.5M | #13 |
| 12 |  Netherlands |
50.7 | 12.3% | 56k | 504k | #10 |
| 13 |  Spain |
49.1 | 10.2% | 128k | 946k | #9 |
| 14 |  Italy |
47.6 | 10.5% | 176k | 1.3M | #15 |
| 15 |  Japan |
46.2 | 5.3% | 235k | 1.1M | #12 |
| 16 |  Sweden |
45.0 | 12.0% | 43k | 384k | #16 |
| 17 |  Austria |
43.8 | 9.2% | 34k | 225k | #17 |
| 18 |  Denmark |
42.6 | 11.8% | 29k | 249k | #19 |
| 19 |  Israel |
41.5 | 9.2% | 24k | 173k | #18 |
| 20 |  Belgium |
40.5 | 10.0% | 36k | 263k | #20 |
| 21 |  Norway |
39.6 | 11.0% | 30k | 233k | #22 |
| 22 |  Finland |
38.6 | 11.9% | 25k | 225k | #23 |
| 23 |  Saudi Arabia |
37.8 | 16.4% | 73k | 834k | #21 |
| 24 |  Poland |
36.9 | 8.2% | 83k | 520k | #26 |
| 25 |  Taiwan |
36.1 | 8.4% | 65k | 486k | #24 |
| 26 |  Czechia |
35.3 | 7.5% | 37k | 214k | #28 |
| 27 |  Portugal |
34.6 | 10.2% | 43k | 320k | #27 |
| 28 |  Brazil |
33.8 | 5.8% | 169k | 600k | #25 |
| 29 |  New Zealand |
33.1 | 11.5% | 15k | 121k | #29 |
| 30 |  Ireland |
32.5 | 12.1% | 16k | 137k | #30 |
| 31 |  Bangladesh |
31.8 | 10.8% | 31k | 249k | #42 |
| 32 |  United Arab Emirates |
31.2 | 13.9% | 22k | 216k | #36 |
| 33 |  Luxembourg |
30.6 | 12.4% | 3.5k | 27k | #31 |
| 34 |  Greece |
30.0 | 10.8% | 33k | 253k | #32 |
| 35 |  Türkiye |
29.4 | 8.1% | 123k | 721k | #38 |
| 36 |  Iran |
28.9 | 10.4% | 114k | 1M | #37 |
| 37 |  South Africa |
28.3 | 9.4% | 35k | 254k | #40 |
| 38 |  Hungary |
27.8 | 7.4% | 22k | 109k | #39 |
| 39 |  Slovenia |
27.3 | 8.3% | 10k | 63k | #33 |
| 40 |  Chile |
26.8 | 8.1% | 19k | 111k | #34 |
| 41 |  Cyprus |
26.3 | 12.9% | 6.4k | 53k | #41 |
| 42 |  Thailand |
25.8 | 7.8% | 34k | 210k | #43 |
| 43 |  Russia |
25.3 | 3.6% | 258k | 649k | #35 |
| 44 |  Romania |
24.9 | 7.0% | 33k | 163k | #55 |
| 45 |  Qatar |
24.4 | 16.3% | 6.3k | 81k | #46 |
| 46 |  Malaysia |
24.0 | 8.5% | 72k | 464k | #50 |
| 47 |  Pakistan |
23.6 | 12.6% | 54k | 525k | #47 |
| 48 |  Mexico |
23.1 | 5.1% | 55k | 226k | #45 |
| 49 |  Argentina |
22.7 | 4.7% | 20k | 83k | #44 |
| 50 |  Ukraine |
22.3 | 5.9% | 66k | 118k | #63 |
| 51 |  Egypt |
21.9 | 12.6% | 60k | 566k | #59 |
| 52 |  Croatia |
21.6 | 6.4% | 12k | 56k | #53 |
| 53 |  Montenegro |
21.2 | 8.7% | 1.3k | 6.1k | #51 |
| 54 |  Estonia |
20.8 | 9.5% | 4.6k | 31k | #60 |
| 55 |  Ecuador |
20.4 | 7.6% | 15k | 43k | #56 |
| 56 |  Colombia |
20.1 | 6.5% | 23k | 85k | #52 |
| 57 |  Slovakia |
19.7 | 6.8% | 15k | 63k | #49 |
| 58 |  Vietnam |
19.4 | 6.6% | 41k | 187k | #54 |
| 59 |  Indonesia |
19.0 | 6.4% | 349k | 466k | #57 |
| 60 |  Iceland |
18.7 | 9.1% | 1.7k | 11k | #48 |
| 61 |  Puerto Rico |
18.4 | 7.0% | 1.7k | 8.6k | #69 |
| 62 |  Serbia |
18.1 | 6.5% | 14k | 63k | #64 |
| 63 |  Philippines |
17.7 | 5.0% | 16k | 40k | #62 |
| 64 |  Bulgaria |
17.4 | 4.0% | 16k | 40k | #74 |
| 65 |  Lebanon |
17.1 | 12.1% | 4.4k | 38k | #65 |
| 66 |  Morocco |
16.8 | 9.4% | 29k | 187k | #68 |
| 67 |  Panama |
16.5 | 6.7% | 1.6k | 4k | #61 |
| 68 |  Peru |
16.2 | 5.7% | 13k | 31k | #58 |
| 69 |  Ghana |
15.9 | 9.2% | 6.2k | 41k | #77 |
| 70 |  Latvia |
15.7 | 5.5% | 4.8k | 21k | #84 |
| 71 |  Brunei |
15.4 | 13.8% | 1.5k | 15k | #71 |
| 72 |  Oman |
15.1 | 11.1% | 4.7k | 34k | #72 |
| 73 |  Sri Lanka |
14.8 | 6.0% | 7.2k | 34k | #82 |
| 74 |  Ethiopia |
14.6 | 11.5% | 12k | 100k | #67 |
| 75 |  Nepal |
14.3 | 5.2% | 8.7k | 29k | #66 |
| 76 |  Jordan |
14.0 | 14.8% | 13k | 113k | #89 |
| 77 |  Lithuania |
13.8 | 7.6% | 6.8k | 39k | #70 |
| 78 |  Rwanda |
13.5 | 9.3% | 1.4k | 6.7k | #79 |
| 79 |  Palestine |
13.3 | 12.3% | 2k | 16k | - |
| 80 |  Cuba |
13.0 | 4.5% | 1.9k | 4.5k | #80 |
| 81 |  Uganda |
12.8 | 9.4% | 2.1k | 12k | - |
| 82 |  North Macedonia |
12.5 | 5.4% | 2.4k | 9.1k | - |
| 83 |  Kazakhstan |
12.3 | 6.8% | 17k | 54k | #76 |
| 84 |  Malawi |
12.0 | 6.8% | 722 | 2.8k | #81 |
| 85 |  Uzbekistan |
11.8 | 7.2% | 16k | 44k | - |
| 86 |  Tanzania |
11.6 | 7.0% | 3.8k | 17k | #92 |
| 87 |  Kuwait |
11.3 | 10.7% | 4.3k | 30k | - |
| 88 |  Sudan |
11.1 | 8.4% | 2k | 11k | #95 |
| 89 |  Laos |
10.9 | 5.9% | 283 | 1k | - |
| 90 |  Botswana |
10.7 | 8.9% | 1.2k | 7.6k | - |
| 91 |  Zimbabwe |
10.4 | 5.1% | 1.9k | 6.4k | - |
| 92 |  Saint Kitts and Nevis |
10.2 | 13.1% | 258 | 1.7k | #98 |
| 93 |  Fiji |
10.0 | 11.3% | 507 | 3.7k | - |
| 94 |  Namibia |
9.8 | 5.2% | 722 | 2.9k | - |
| 95 |  Malta |
9.6 | 8.1% | 1.2k | 5.9k | #75 |
| 96 |  Costa Rica |
9.4 | 5.0% | 2.6k | 6.8k | #78 |
| 97 |  Kenya |
9.2 | 5.8% | 5.9k | 25k | #91 |
| 98 |  Cambodia |
9.0 | 5.6% | 1.2k | 3.4k | #97 |
| 99 |  Tunisia |
8.8 | 6.6% | 15k | 80k | #86 |
| 100 |  Georgia |
8.6 | 4.1% | 2.4k | 6.1k | - |
countries ranked worldwide in Physical Sciences (154). rank on the quality score within the stated pool. The score track runs 0 to 100; the rate track carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (about 6% in Dentistry, 21% in Economics).
How spread out this pool is
Every row above on one axis, one tick each. Right is a higher score. A field where the top few are far clear of everyone and one that runs down evenly look identical as a table.
One bar per band of score, counting the rows on this page.
Ranked by volume, 2022-now
- 1
China
2.8M works
- 2
United States
1M works
- 3
India
782k works
- 4
Indonesia
378k works
- 5
Germany
308k works
- 6
Russia
280k works
- 7
Japan
262k works
- 8
United Kingdom
242k works
- 9
France
220k works
- 10
Italy
200k works
- 11
South Korea
193k works
- 12
Brazil
189k works